Business Risk - Edsel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Risk - Edsel - Essay Example Although the manufacturing and launching of the Ford Edsel were done by excessive market research and lots of suspense but it could not live up to the expectations of the managers. They created the car as a medium priced automobile with unique features but customers didn’t like it at all. Apart from this, the freezing up of the push button and oil leaking leads it to maximum level of disappointment. Thus the statement states that though the managers created a car for niche market but it could not get succeeded. The car had some unique features to prove itself different from its competitors. It should have a grand success in the competition. I agree with the statement because the company had really spent long time to plan for the unique design to make a change in the market. But situation did not support it as there was a recession in USA that reduces the disposable income of general people. The situation of recession was like a catalyst in the downturn of the sales. Apart from this, some of its features were not liked by the customers and they took it as an old model that they used to get from Chrysler and GM. Along with it the timing of launching was not good as the car was not ready and the period of early fall was considered to sell off the previous models by the dealers. Thus Ford had to compete with the old models of 1957 which were given at a lower price by the dealers to clear the stock.

Racism And Discrimination Today Essay Example for Free

Racism And Discrimination Today Essay How would you like to be treated certainly because of your cultural, beliefs, tradition or even color? Well this is happening everywhere every day. This is called racial discrimination. So what is racial discrimination? It is not knowing anything about someone when you look at them, but disliking them anyway and treating them differently, not because of who they are, but what they are. In addition Racism started from the past and is still active today. Racism in the past was simply violent especially in the early 20th Century. When slavery was ended in America in 1865 racial tension occurred. As the free slaves, where allowed to move freely around the land a majority of the white population still saw them as slaves and did not want to interact and socialize with them. One example of racism is that Research has shown that teachers expect black children to fail Not only are black children played in lower sets; they themselves believe that they are certain to fail. This is proof that racism is every where and occurs from any age group. Racism has always been around. It is one of the world’s MAJOR concerns TODAY. A number of people are naà ¯ve of how much racism undertakes in our society today. Racism can be seen in incidents of racist abuse, harassment and discrimination. Racism is the discrimination of a person because of the race that they have inherited. Racism can be said to anyone. It is certainly severe that these things change, but these past few years, many people in all countries have been saying malicious and discourteous things about one another’s tradition. I can’t stress to say that racism is harassment, it is Mistreatment. People think it’s amusing to torment a person because of their color, their accent, culture and sometimes even how they are not good in something, this is all racism. There are numerous diverse types of racism, for example racism because of skin color, birth place, religion etc but they all got a couple of things in common. All kinds of racism are dreadful and create a negative and sometimes dangerous emotional response. Racism not only leads to social problems but in severe cases it causes mental illness and violence for example self harm, depression and the harming of others. In most cases it causes the target to feel deserted, depressed and livid as most of you people previously know from experience but what you people didn’t is that in the most severe cases racism leads to suicidal thoughts and the miserable thing is that in the worst cases these thoughts are carried out and its usually by a young teenager. That’s a young person with their whole life ahead of them claiming their life because a few people can’t accept them because they are a little different. Many riots have been caused all around the world due to racism. As John F. Kennedy had said This nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds, on the principle that all men were created equal.† A statement which directly states the importance everyone has in this world and the equality everyone shares regardless where you are from or what color you are. Racism is always going to occur but their will always be a chance to reduce it. Truth speaking there are no different races, but only one race. The human race. Thank you for listening!

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud

History of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud Male visionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal discipline; however, many prominent women pioneered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical perspective, and the contributions she made to the field of psychology. Anna’s Background Martha and Sigmund had six children, the youngest was Anna born in December 1895. Anna was a mischievous girl who had great admiration the work of her father (Young-Bruehl, 1988). However, she grew separate from her siblings and her mother. Sigmund Freud reciprocated Anna’s adoration and at one time, he wrote of her stating, â€Å"Anna has turned absolute beautiful through naughtiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Boeree, 1998, pg 64) Frequently, Anna spoke of her competition feelings against her sister Sophie- the beautiful child of Freud and Anna the brains of Freud family. There was a strained bond between Anna and her mother Martha and the other siblings because their nanny, Jose Cihlarz, took care of them. Anna finished her education at Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912 and was not sure about her future path of career. Anna travelled to Britain in 1914 to grow her English skills but retuned to Vienna after a declaration of war. She got the credentials of teaching and started teaching at her former school. She showed great interest in the field of child psychology after taking much of her time teaching and observing her pupils. Anna decided to abandon being only a teacher to help the children and pursue a career in the footsteps of her father of psychoanalysis. Sigmund developed the interest of Anna in psychology filed at a young age of 14 years when he allowed Anna to read his works and writings about psychoanalysis. In addition, Sigmund began to analyze the dreams on Anna nighttime in 1918, and Anna accompanied her father to the 1920 International Psychoanalytic Congress. Anna met many of Sigmund’s friends and colleagues, including Lou Andreas-Salome, the psychoanalyst. Later on Lou became a confident of Anna. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society accepted Anna as a member after she presented her Daydreams and Beating Fantasies (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Anna kept on attending meetings of psychoanalytic, followed the publications and the works of her father, analyzed patients, and translated papers. Anna had developed her role as an important contributor to the child psychology field when she began her practice in psychoanalysis with young children. Anna taught seminars at Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and she published her first work, Techni que of Child Analysis. Her father-Sigmund became very ill after he was diagnosed with cancer and went through several surgical operations. Sigmund needed regular nursing to get well. Anna never wanted to leave the side of her father and gave him full-time care of nursing. Nevertheless, Anna managed to continue with her with the children. Unfortunately, Sigmund passed away due to his illness in 1913, almost the same time WWII began (Coles, 1992). Anna followed the footsteps of her father with psychoanalysis, but put her emphasis and focus on improving the techniques of learning children instead of adults. She became fully immersed in designing efficient and effective mechanisms to psychoanalyze children. Modern child psychology and ego psychology still use the techniques developed by Anna (Young-Bruehl, 1988). Theoretical Perspective and Contributions of Anna Anna was the successor of her father with her work and research in child psychology and ego psychology (Coles, 1992). She remained honest to her father’s core ideas and themes of psychodynamic theory even though some of the followers of her father abandoned his beliefs. However, she mainly focused on psyche dynamics instead of psyche structures. Anna wrote and published The Mechanisms of Defense and The Ego that gave a description how defenses work and apparently showed the ego is the observation seat from where people observe and works for the concept and the unconscious and superego, and study deserves in its mandate. Ego psychology usually represents the followers of Anna and Sigmund Freud teachings (Coles, 1992). Present day ego psychology is loyal to Freud’s work with a foundation of psychoanalysis, although it is more ordinary and practical of the ego in the application of psychoanalysis. Anna Freud mentored Erikson Erik, who is popular for his expansion works in ego psychology field and psychoanalysis (Goodwin, 2005). The mentorship of Anna influence Erik professional and academic career in psychology. Anna and Erik when he was tutoring children in Heitzing School managed by Dorothy Burlingham, a longtime friend of Anna. Anna saw the skillful manner of Erikson with the children and showed her interest in guiding Erik to study more regarding child psychology. According to Young-Bruehl, (1988) the main passion of Anna was child psychology. Anna devoted most her energy and time analyzing and studying children suffering traumas, majorly from the effects of the war. Most of the children were predisposed to lasting traumas, while others were blind or handicapped. Anna normally stated that she was happy she did not have her own children, despite the years on her life she devoted to help children she barely knew. Sigmund had focused entirely on adults that sorted through the recollections of childhood instead of current events. The desire of Anna was to work with children suffering from current traumas to prevent any psychological challenges in adulthood (Boeree, 1998). Anna learned children and their own surrounding and became a dependable therapist in dealing with the transference challenges. Reports showed that Anna was a caring adult and was not a substitute guardian, playmate, or parent during the sessions of therapy. The technique of Anna enabled a trusting and stable relationship between the child, the parents, and the therapist (Coles, 1992). The biggest challenge in the cancelling of Anna was communication among the therapist and the children. It is easy for adults to convey their thoughts, beliefs, ideas and emotions verbally whereas young children are inept to act so with accordance. She was unable to use her father’s cure of talking with the children, due to their incapability to verbalize their ideas and thoughts. Children seem to express their feelings and emotions more differently than the adults do. This influenced Anna to develop techniques particularly made to help the children. Anna Freud had the responsibility of putting up a war nursery at Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She and Dorothy Burlingham run the clinic and motivated the children at the nursery to create attachments to manage war trauma. Working hand in hand with the children influenced her to publish many studies and research concerning children in stress during wartime, such as, Infants without Families, War and Children, and Young Children in Wartime (Boeree, 1998). She was able to improve her observation of parental deficiency in young children during traumatic period when orphans from concentration camps were put in Bulldogs Bank home (Boeree, 1998). Anna reported, analyzed and observed her outcomes in an experiment in a group upbringing that gave report of the children’s natural capabilities to create close relations with peers as a substitute of parents. In 1945, Hampstead nursery closed due to the end of the war. Shortly after this closure, Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic and Course opened under Anna’s management. The clinic offered analytic therapy, counseling, and a training in child treatment and analysis (Coles, 1992). The clinic became largest and comprehensive facility devoted the worlds to the treatment and analysis of children. Anna worked as the director, consultant and training analyst of the clinic from 1952 until her passing in 1982. New York Times gave a quote by Anna about her significant work with the children: I begun as a teacher of an elementary school. I changed from teaching to child analysis field. Henceforth, I moved continually back and forth, from the theoretical research of these challenges to their application practically. It is a fact that a person can have special luck to do this, and that many people don not have this luck (Goodwin, 2005). Conclusion Freud Anna was born 1895 and passed 1982 (Young-Bruehl, 1988). In those years, Anna made important contributions in the psychology field. Her professional and academic career shows her leaps and bounds in comprehending the nature of humans, mental processes, emotions and behaviors in present psychology (Coles, 1992). She endured being called Sigmund daughter to become a prominent female psychologist in a field and period where the men dominated publications and research. Anna is a true successor of her father and influenced the psychology field as a formal discipline with innovative therapeutic and observation techniques. The works of Anna are historical and worthy discussion, despite of some modern day psychologist agreeing or disagreeing with any of the Freudian perspectives. References Boeree, G. C. (1998). Anna Freud. Personality Theories. Retrieved from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/annafreud.html Coles, Robert (1992). Anna Freud: The dream of psychoanalysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Goodwin, C. J. (2005). A history of modern psychology (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Young-Bruehl, E. (1988).Anna Freud: A biography. New York: Summit Books

Bound By Honor :: essays research papers

â€Å"Blood In†¦Blood Out† Bound By Honor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the movie â€Å"Blood In†¦Blood Out,† there are three young Chicano teens just trying to survive in a white man’s world. First, you have Paco, a rebellious teen that loves a fight, and is in a small East Los Angeles street gang called â€Å"Vatos Locos.† Then, there is his half brother Cruz, he is trying to stray away from the gang life by painting, however, he still is and hangs with the Vatos Locos. Lastly, with blonde hair, blue eyes, and white skin, there is Miklo the cousin of Cruz and Paco, who ran away from his white father to reconect with his Mexican roots. The only problem is Miklo does not look Chicano, and the Mexican community, including Paco, have a hard time accepting him into the world he so much wants to be a part of. His friends call him names like â€Å"white boy† or â€Å"guero† to make fun of his skin. Miklo though, is determined to gain the respect of his peers, he decides that he too wants to be a â€Å"Vato Loco,â₠¬  which doesn’t sit very well with Paco. He tells Miklo, â€Å"Do white boys get VL placas (tattoos)? No, it doesn’t happen. Unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that’s where it all starts. Paco decides that his cousin can be part of the Vatos Locos, but since he is half white, he will have to prove himself to the group, by doing something big for them. Miklo quickly obliges, and bashes out the window of a rival gang called â€Å"Tres Puntos.† With that Miklo gets to be in the â€Å"in crowd† as he always wanted to be. Tres Puntos not agreeing with this, takes it out on Cruz, and thus starts a gang war. Things become even worse when at a war between the two gangs, Miklo shoots and kills the head member Spider. This brings on even bigger problems then Miklo can imagine: San Quentin Prison. Suddenly, everything Miklo learned in the street gang becomes obsolete, and he is back to being an outsider with no one to turn to. The AV’ers, a clique of white males in prison, want Miklo to side with them, but Miklo does not want any part of them. Instead, he wants to hang with the Mexican clique, La Onda, which do not want anything to do with this â€Å"guero† (white boy in Spanish). They pick on him, call him names, and do not want him within their sight.

Sitting System For People Health And Social Care Essay

Appropriate posing positions are varied, it depends on activity taken ; working at a desk, computing machine, driving or eating. However, these actions have a same rule to concern: stable and comfy. Human sitting is asymmetrical and dynamic, when Sitters feel non comfy with their seats they will brace themselves. And ever has changeless motion at least every 5-10 proceedingss to diminish the force per unit area on the contact points, avoid terrible pressing on any portion of the organic structure until cause hurt.1.3.1 Biomechanics of sitingBiomechanics utilises the Torahs of Physicss and the constructs of Engineering to depict the gesture formulated by assorted organic structure sections and the forces moving on these them ( Chaffin and Andresson, 1984 ) . Appropriate posing positions are varied, it depends on activity which taken ; working at a desk, computing machine, driving or eating. However, suited sitting place in biomechanics is the balance of forces and minutes. balance plane1.bmp F = Force M = Moment Balance of forces and minutes in all planes Biomechanics has emphasised the relation between the organic structure ‘s Centre of force per unit area ( COP ) and its Centre of mass ( COM ) . The COM is a point equivalent of the entire organic structure mass and is the leaden norm of the COM of each organic structure section in all planes while the COP corresponds to the point of application of the force under the country of contact with the place surface ( Lacoste et al. , 2006 ) . In order to equilibrate the organic structure over a stable sitting base, the COM is straight over the sitting base. Stability of sitting position is able to better when the country of contact between the organic structure and the support surface are increased. The relationship of the stableness with country of contact and forces is following: Stability Therefore increasing the size of the base of support will increase the stableness ( Ham et al. , 1998 ) . For some postural malformations, the country of the support base is reduced therefore the stableness is improved by addition the support country such as supplying the chest support bole support or buffering on the seating. The balance of sitting encourages the right form or position of spinal. In sidelong position, alliance of spinal is looked somewhat S- form. The key of stable base is the pelvic girdle. In the basic of normal posing, the pelvic girdle is centred and rotates rearward as a consequence of the tenseness in hamstrings ( posterior thigh musculuss ) . For maximal stableness and minimal musculus attempt when keeping an unsloped position ( every bit same as in the erect standing place ) , the Centre of mass of the upper organic structure should be maintained over the ischeal tubercles ( Zacharkow, 1984 ) balance plane2.bmp The contact points of the seated position are ischial tubercles, thighs and pess. By supplying support through the thighs, legs and pess, force per unit area is reduced over the ischial tubercles. The thighs are parallel to each other and in the natural place. For the ground that thigh musculuss span the hip and articulatio genus, the grade of hip flexure and knee extension on the seating should be avoided to pull of hamstrings. A upper limit of 100 grades of hip flexure and 105 grades of articulatio genus extension is advised ( Mayall and Desharnais, 1995 ) . The pelvic girdle rotates somewhat forward promotes flexure of the lower dorsum or lumbar hollow-back. It will be curved concave to the forepart to back up the weight of the upper portion: bole, weaponries and caput. However, for the people with physical disablements who are lacking in postural ability and postural dissymmetries can besides take to orthopaedic malformations, uncomfortableness, decreased physiologic maps, self-image, and quality of life ( Trefler et al. , 1993 ) . Consequently, users with a motor disability need a seating which can counterbalance for the stableness and besides back up the functional and postural ability that each person has. There are many ways to depict the assortment of siting systems for people with physical disablements. However, in this survey, the seating system will be categorised by 3 characteristics of the chair as shown in table Twenty.Siting system for people with physical disablementsFeatureCategorizationFunctional of utilizing Wheelchair Particular seating Beginning of energy Manual Power Feature of traveling Rigid Dynamic1.3.2 Wheelchair populationA wheelchair is one of the most common devices used to help users who have limited abilities to walk or travel. The wheelchair user population includes kids, grownups, and aged individuals. There are many grounds for their disablements: birth defects ( kids who have motion upsets ) , accidents ( an hurt to legs or the spinal column, which controls leg motion ) , infirmity diseases and old age. Harmonizing to Wheelchair foundation, â€Å" over 100 million people with physical disablements worldwide need wheelchairs. It is estimated that the figure of people who need wheelchairs will increase by 22 per centum over the following 10 old ages, with the greatest demand bing in developing states † ( Behring. , 2009 ) . In UK, there are an estimated 10 million handicapped people, about 20 % of population ( Office for National Statistics, 2010 ; Statisticss, 2008 ) and 5 % of people with disablement are a motor damage ( NHS, 2004 ; Wray, 2005 ) . The proportion of wheelchair population additions with age. Separate into three age groups: kids under 18 old ages of age, grownup 18-64 twelvemonth and aged 65 and older, the highest rates are found among the aged population so working age and non many in kids. There are assorted wellness conditions and damages doing a individual demand to utilize wheelchair and these grounds are diverse in different age group of users. In table Twenty shows the wellness conditions and damages reported as the chief cause of functional or activity restriction. Stroke 11.1 % Arthritis 10.4 % Multiple induration 5.0 % Absence lower appendage 3.7 % Paraplegia 3.6 % Orthopaedic lower appendage 3.6 % Heart disease 3.3 % Cerebral paralysis 3.1 % Rheumatoid arthritis 3.0 % Diabetess 2.4 % ( LaPlante et al. , 2009 ) Manual seating system is the chair that needs self impeling by users or health professionals. The users of manual wheelchairs by and large have lower appendage failing, palsy, or amputation doing walking insecure or hard at best. They may include persons with spinal cord hurts, unilateral paralysis and other types of palsy, multiple induration, intellectual paralysis, spina bifida, arthritis, and lower limb amputations. Typically, the user is a paraplegic or quadriparetic individual who desires to manually impel himself every bit much as possible for the exercising and ensuing wellness benefits. For the wheelchair dependent individual who has to impel by his or her ain, the most common country of musculoskeletal is the shoulder. This is because users normally have overload on their upper organic structures to turn the wheels of the wheelchairs. In 2008, Desroches et Al. published a paper in which they studied the relationship between the effectivity of the attendant force at the handrims and the mechanical burden by the net shoulder minutes. They found that more force demands are more at hazard of shoulder hurts on the land that overexploitation. Furthermore, elbows, carpuss and custodies are besides injured because they are non designed to get by with the insistent contact with the wheelchair pushrims. This frequent insistent burden may be one of the possible causes of the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Powered wheelchair theoretical accounts are controlled by the user ‘s manus with a little control stick. Users who unable to utilize a manus for maneuvering and control may be capable of a oral cavity control or breath control device. These power wheelchairs are much safer to run with a computing machine inadvertence. However, serious accidents sometimes result from feeling or computing machine system failures. ( N.I.R.E. , 2004 ) . The failures may be elusive 1s non recognised by users. Otherwise, they can be in the signifier of a sudden, unexpected entire failure of the wheelchair computing machine system, which may ensue in an accident when happening at a critical clip.1.3.3 Particular SeatingParticular seating designed for people with physical disablements considers demands like phase of development, disablements and other upsets. At the same clip, ought to see as position, force per unit area and comfort. The mobility and position jobs that motor impairment people face may be due to muscle failings, musculus instabilities and cramp or hapless esthesis. There are many grounds for their disablements like birth defects ( kids who have motion upsets ) , accidents ( an hurt to legs or the spinal column, which controls leg motion ) , infirmity diseases and old age. Siting is a work of complex coordinating of human constructions. The form of the pelvic girdle is unstable by nature in sitting place. It can non be kept stable without the cooperation of organic structure musculus and limbs. In add-on, a proper design of constituents such as place backrest, armrest, footrest, etc. , is encourage stableness in the sitting place and the comfort of the place. First and the foremost for handicapped posing is the importance of stable posing, it is achieved if there is a balance of forces and minutes in all planes ( Letts, 1991 ) . An unstable sitting non merely makes upper organic structure hard to command balance but besides non keep the good place of physiology. A particular place base with a back support can be used which would assists the patient who is being positioned for physical therapy. The supports are made from stuffs such as plyboard, froth and polymer. These stuffs provide postural support and alleviate the force per unit area for patients who have unbalanced organic structures. Nevertheless for kids who have the spasticity CP, they will do their organic structure imbalanced and unstable when have extensor cramp. This in bend makes the patient uncomfortable and impairs their functional ability. Furthermore, CP kids need more seating demands than a broad assortment of people with disablements because of their overactive stretch physiological reactions and irregular stableness. The force per unit area sores are besides considered because this frequently occurs when sitting for a long clip without traveling. A considerable sum of literature has been published on biomechanics of siting system with spastic CP patients, they have investigated the force per unit area forces in sitting place and strong forces of extensor push in patients which impart onto their wheelchairs and they found that high forces can besides do hurts for the kid ( Dawley and Julian, 2003 ; Hahn et al. , 2009 ) . The force per unit area ulcers that suffer from force per unit area force in sitting have been concerned for many decennaries. Harrison et Al. published a paper in which they reviewed the literature of sitting biomechanics in normal organic structures. The thought of dynamic seating has been designed in Germany since 1884 for mills that had adjustable backrests and place undersides with rounded forepart borders to cut down force per unit area on the under-thigh part ( Harrison et al. , 1999 ) . The chief aim of presenting the dynamic seating to the design of the chair is to avoid the force per unit area ulcer. Dynamic siting systems have been available on the market since 1989 ( Hahn et al. , 2009 ) by including spring loaded, elastic constituents or powered devices, in the outlook that it will react suitably to the users with strong musculus cramp, cut down the hurting and cut down force per unit area from restricted position. For people with physical disablements particularly patients who have strong extensor spasticity the dynamic design ease them non merely to forestall the force per unit area ulcer and hurt to the user but besides prevent breakage of the chair. Dynamic seating constituents are designed to travel as a consequence of forceful motions exerted by a client ( Magnuson and Dilabio, 2003 ) . The dispute of the effectivity and impact of the surrogate design has been discussed. Several surveies have attempted to explicate that to repair a place would be more goo d for patients ‘ physical therapy than to change the sitting position every clip of extensor cramp ( Barnes, 1998 ; Herman and Lange, 1999 ) . However, the surrogate design is presumed that when musculuss stretch, the forces produced between place ‘s parts and their organic structures would diminish with usage of the dynamic constituents. Furthermore, this system can be approved and it does non hold any negative consequence for the long term use. The basic apprehension of physical features of the user is indispensable for the design and consideration of postural support. Furthermore, it is really indispensable to understand the scope of the forces that are being applied to the user ‘s organic structure when using postural support within a seating system. Barnes M.R. ( 1998 ) Reappraisal: Management of spasticity. Age and Ageing 27:239-245. Behring. K. ( 2009 ) Wheelchair Distribution Project: Serving the World, Wheelchair foundation Wetherby, UK. Chaffin D.B. , Andresson G.B.J. ( 1984 ) Occupational Biomechanics John Wiley & A ; Sons, Inc, the United State of America. Dawley J. , Julian R. ( 2003 ) Purpose, Use And Fabrication Of A Custom Made Dynamic Backrest, 19th International Seating Symposium, Florida, USA. pp. 145-147. Hahn M.E. , Simkins S.L. , Gardner J.K. , Kaushik G. ( 2009 ) A Dynamic Seating System for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 12:21-30. Ham R. , Aldersea P. , Porter D. ( 1998 ) Wheelchair users and postural siting a clinical attack Churchill Livingstone, New York, USA. Harrison D.D. , Harrison S.O. , Croft A.C. , Harrison D.E. , Troyanovich S.J. ( 1999 ) Siting biomechanics Part I: Reappraisal of the Literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 22:594-609. Herman J.H. , Lange M.L. ( 1999 ) Seating and positioning to pull off spasticity after encephalon hurt Journal NeuroRehabilitation 12:105-117. Lacoste M. , Therrien M. , Cote J.N. , Shrier I. , Labelle H. , Prince F. ( 2006 ) Appraisal of Seated Postural Control in Children: Comparison of a Force Platform Versus a Pressure Mapping System. Archivess of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87:1623-1629. LaPlante M. , Kaye S. , Kang T. ( 2009 ) Wheelchair Use in the United States, UCSF Disability Statistics Center Institute for Health & A ; Aging. Letts R. ( 1991 ) General rules of siting Boca Raton: CRC Press. Magnuson S. , Dilabio M. ( 2003 ) Dynamic Seating Components: The Best Evidence and Clinical Experience, 19th International Seating Symposium, Florida, USA. pp. 109-111. Mayall J.K. , Desharnais G. ( 1995 ) Positioning in a wheelchair: a usher for professional health professionals of the handicapped grownup 2nd erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. Thorofare, NJ N.I.R.E. ( 2004 ) Mobility Training for User and Public Safety, The National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering. NHS. ( 2004 ) Bettering Servicess for Wheelchair Users and Carers: Good Practice Guide, Executive sum-up, NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency rehabilitation squad. Office for National Statistics G.R.O.f.S. , Northern Ireland Statistics & A ; Research Agency. ( 2010 ) , Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland, Northern Ireland Statistics & A ; Research Agency. Statisticss T.O.f.N. ( 2008 ) Registered Blind and Partially Sighted People England twelvemonth stoping 31 March 2008, Department of Health, The Office for National Statistics. Trefler E. , Hobson D.A. , Taylor S.J. , Monahan L.C. , Shaw C.G. , Zimbleman C. ( 1993 ) Seating AND MOBILITY: For Persons with Physical Disabilities San Antonio: Therapy Skill Builders. Wray M. ( 2005 ) Bing Inclusive in the Creative and Performing Arts, BICPA, the eight spouses of CADISE ( The Consortium of Humanistic disciplines and Design Institutions in Southern England ) Zacharkow D. ( 1984 ) wheelchair Posture and Pressure Sores Charles C Thomas Publisher, Illinois, USA.

Australia and the Vietnam War essays

Australia and the Vietnam War essays The reasons for the Australian involvement in the Vietnam conflict are not difficult to understand. Australia's foreign policy in the 1950s and 1960s responded to what appeared to be the downward push of aggressive communism in South-East Asia and the need to meet these threats away from Australia. It was clear also that because the United States was involved in this war, Australia would support its great ally and friend. As Australia had assisted the United States in the Korean War so, too, it was prepared to become involved in the Vietnam War. The Menzies government, fearful of communism in Asia, saw any communist victory in South Vietnam as a threat to Australia. Given Australia's military weakness and the potential danger from our nearest neighbor, the very unstable Indonesia, it was in Australia's interests to commit the United States to Asia and the fight against communism. As Britain withdrew from its world commitments, the Australian government saw the United States as the powerful Western nation to take its place. It was in Australia's best interest for this to happen, and Australia's role in Vietnam was motivated by this determination to keep the United States involved in Asia. Through diplomatic channels the Australian government encouraged the United States' involvement in Vietnam and showed its good faith by sending troops as well. Compared with the size of the US force, the size of the Australian force was never great, and its military significance was slight. At the height of Australia's involvement in Vietna m, its troop level numbered only 8300, while the US troop level reached 720 000. What was important was Australia's political support as an ally. It fitted in with the concept of forward defence, and once again Australia had the support of a great and powerful ally. This time, however, the great and powerful friend was not Australia's traditional ally Britain but a new ally, the United St ...

Free Essays on Design Robert Frost

Critical Response to Poem In Robert Frosts poem "Design" he uses examples of simile and imagery. He evokes many feelings about the apperence of the spider, flower and moth in the poem. As the poem unfolds all of these aspects come together so you can fully understand the theme of the poem. The poem begins with a description of a scene. The scene takes place at night (line 12) and involves three characters: A spider, a moth, and a flower. In line one, Frost describes the spider. The spider is like any other, â€Å"fat† and â€Å"dimpled† (line 1). However, unusually, the spider is white. Atypically, Frost has given a color associated with purity and innocence to the spider. In line two, Frost describes the flower. Like the spider, the flower, a heal all, is given the unfitting color, white. The spider is on the heal-all, holding up a moth, presumably one, which the spider killed. In line three, Frost elaborates on the moth. The moth, like the spider and heal-all, is white. Frost compares the appearance and texture of the moth to satin, a delicate material similar to silk. Satin, usually soft and supple, is described here as â€Å"rigid.† This description ties into the death of the moth and the texture of its wings. Given the first three lines, on the surface it seems as though one character is guilty of killing the moth: The spider. However, in line four, Frost refers to â€Å"assorted characters of death and blight.† He alludes to the responsibility of multiple characters for the moth’s death. Line five clarifies the time. Early in the morning, before the sun has risen, the spider, moth, and flower are ready to begin the day. In line six, frost compares the situation and its players to â€Å"a witches broth.† Each component contributes to the product. Frost points out the lack of innocence in the entire scene. Frost finishes his description by recounting the indivi... Free Essays on Design Robert Frost Free Essays on Design Robert Frost Critical Response to Poem In Robert Frosts poem "Design" he uses examples of simile and imagery. He evokes many feelings about the apperence of the spider, flower and moth in the poem. As the poem unfolds all of these aspects come together so you can fully understand the theme of the poem. The poem begins with a description of a scene. The scene takes place at night (line 12) and involves three characters: A spider, a moth, and a flower. In line one, Frost describes the spider. The spider is like any other, â€Å"fat† and â€Å"dimpled† (line 1). However, unusually, the spider is white. Atypically, Frost has given a color associated with purity and innocence to the spider. In line two, Frost describes the flower. Like the spider, the flower, a heal all, is given the unfitting color, white. The spider is on the heal-all, holding up a moth, presumably one, which the spider killed. In line three, Frost elaborates on the moth. The moth, like the spider and heal-all, is white. Frost compares the appearance and texture of the moth to satin, a delicate material similar to silk. Satin, usually soft and supple, is described here as â€Å"rigid.† This description ties into the death of the moth and the texture of its wings. Given the first three lines, on the surface it seems as though one character is guilty of killing the moth: The spider. However, in line four, Frost refers to â€Å"assorted characters of death and blight.† He alludes to the responsibility of multiple characters for the moth’s death. Line five clarifies the time. Early in the morning, before the sun has risen, the spider, moth, and flower are ready to begin the day. In line six, frost compares the situation and its players to â€Å"a witches broth.† Each component contributes to the product. Frost points out the lack of innocence in the entire scene. Frost finishes his description by recounting the indivi...

McCarthyism essays

McCarthyism essays McCarthyism gets its name from United States Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. He became front-page news in 1950, when he publicly charged that more than two hundred secret Communists had infiltrated the Department of State. While conducting a militant anti-Communist campaign, communist advances in Eastern Europe and China,Senator McCarthy pursued an investigation of communist subversion in all walks of life. His usually baseless accusations ruined the careers of many distinguished citizens. This is similar in comparison with the Salem witch trials that took place back in 1692. Witchcraft was a big deal to the people back then. If you were accused of it and did not confess, it was your own death bed. In 1954, he brought charges of subversion against the U.S. Army. When the Army responded by charging Senator McCarthy with improper conduct, his breath taking tactics were revealed on national television during a thirty-six day hearing. In the same year, with his influence lessening, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's fellow senators censured him for behavior contrary to Senate traditions. "McCarthyism" now refers to any witch hunt, or to the persecution of people accused without proper cause, who are forced to conform in order to avoid public condemnation. Just like the Salem witch trials. People were accused for crimes they didn't commit just because they were around or near a strange event or they had a very thin red line with their neighbors. Some accused others for profits, others just to get rid of their "awful" neighbors. In 1950 the United States was concerned with the threat of communism. Hatred of communist influences within the country increased as FBI director J. Edgar Hoover announced that there were 55,000 party members and 500,000 sympathizers active within the U.S. the Senate appointed a special committee to investigate charges of communist activity in the Sta ...

The Banking Concept of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Banking Concept of Education - Essay Example This has not universally been the case, like everyone I have benefited from a wide array of extremely talented teaches who wanted to hear their students ideas, to include their students in discussions and to reinforce to their students that even if they might not have as much academic expertise as their professors, their lived experiences may provide them with valuable insights and render their contributions valuable to any class discussion. But the fact remains that most of my teachers used the banking style of education, and probably though that is the best kind of education. This has affects me in a lot of ways, such as making me not creative and making my critical thinking worse. But by far the most important influence this theory of education has had on me is the fact that it has begun make me oppressive to other people like my teachers were oppressive to me. As mentioned before, oppression makes oppression, and those who have been oppressed kind of naturally let the oppression they have had go through them unless they work very hard to not let that happen. This means that, though I understand when I think about it that the banking theory of education is inherently oppressive, and separates students from educators in a very bad way, there is probably still a large part of me that thinks education looks like the banking theory of education. This also probably means that whenever I get into an education place, I will have to work hard to stop this oppressive theory of education from coming through me, to make sure that whenever I am teaching someone whether as a peer, an educator or just in the world, I recognize the banking theory of education and try to stop it.... This essay approves that the educator does, in this concept, work as a â€Å"depositer† whose role is to deposit information, narratives, and a lot of other things into the students, who function as â€Å"banks† for the depositing. Whichever student â€Å"banks† the best, by memorizing the material given to him or her by the teacher, by being able to â€Å"return† the information to the depositer closest to the way it was inputed, wins, is the best bank and is rewarded. There are obviously lots and lots of problems with this system, and many of them are really bad (such as the objectification of students, the saying the students experiences aren’t valuable, and treating them as having no knowledge in and of themselves and not having anything of value to give to the depositer that they were themselves not first given. Any educator who has studied in the past ten year must inherently understand the problems with this system, and yet people fall back i nto it perpetually. This report makes a conclusion that the banking theory of education still used everywhere, and when most people think of a classroom setting they probably think of the banking theory of education taking place. What this means to people who have been affected by this theory of education is that they must recognize the oppression in it, and work hard to break apart this oppression whenever they enter an educational environment. Anything less will simply mean perpetuating this oppression.

Chronis disease management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chronis disease management - Research Paper Example In the paper by Miaskowski, et.al. (2004), the authors sought to test the effectiveness of the PRO-SELF Pain Control Program when compared with standard care in reducing pain intensity scores, increasing appropriate analgesic prescriptions, and increasing analgesic intake in cancer outpatients with pain from bone metastasis. This study covered seven outpatient settings in Northern California, including a university-based cancer center, two community-based oncology practices, one health maintenance organization, one outpatient radiation therapy center, one veteran’s affairs facility, and one military hospital. In this study, the patients were assigned randomly in either the PRO-SELF intervention or standard care intervention. Those under standard care were visited by a research nurse three times, and then called three times by phone between home visits. Those under the PRO-SELF setting patients were visited by specially trained intervention nurses and then received a psychoeduc ational intervention. They were instructed on how to use a pillbox, and were given instructions on how to communicate with their doctor about pain symptoms and changes needed in analgesic prescriptions. Patients were also instructed during follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve cancer pain management. To ensure the ethical treatment of this study, the authors gained the respondent’s written consent, after explaining to them the purpose of the research and the fact that their identity would remain confidential throughout the research. The ethical committee was consulted first and their review and consent secured before the rest of the research process was carried out. A sample of atleast 150 patients was needed in order to complete this study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were established for the patients’ demographic and disease-related qualities. Independent student’s t-tests and x2 analysis were carried out to deter mine differences in demographics, disease, and pain qualities between patients in the two treatment groups. Analyses of variance were carried out to establish if there were changes in pain intensity scores over time. The McNemar test was then used to establish differences over time based on kinds of analgesic prescriptions. The P-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. This study revealed that pain intensity scores were reduced significantly from baseline figures in the PRO-SELF group, as compared to the standard treatment group. The percentage of patients in the PRO-SELF group with the most appropriate kind of analgesia increased significantly from 28.3% to 37.0% as compared to the standard group which changed from 29.6% to 32.5%. The study therefore established that using a psychoeducational intervention, which includes nurse coaching within the standard of self-care, can improve pain management for cancer patients. Critical Analysis The authors are credib le authors for this research. They possess the

Alternative Fuel Vehicles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Fuel Vehicles - Essay Example Later, with the invention of compression ignition engine (commonly called Diesel Engine), light fuel oil, obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil, became a source of energy for urban transport vehicle. Today most of the cars run on these two above mentioned fuels courtesy their high energy contents and easy availability. Before moving into the details of alternative fuels available today, we briefly discuss the reasons, which led the automotive industries and governments to discourage conventional fuels and invest in alternative technologies. The main factor that triggered governments’ interest in alternative fuel research was the oil crisis of 1973 and 1979 which was followed by a steep rise in oil prices. Moreover, the increase in green house gases (GHG) emission and other environment concerns have caused the governments to discourage use of conventional fuels and promote the use of alternative fuels with no or very low GHG emission. Scientists and researchers have worked on different cost effective and environment friendly alternatives of gasoline and diesel oil that can be used in commercial vehicles efficiently. The most popular of them being ethanol and other bio-fuels, natural gas, propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, batteries (electrical energy) and compressed air. These are discussed in the following paragraphs. The most popular of alternative fuels are the bio fuels and among them, ethanol. First vehicle to run on ethanol was Ford Model T in 1908. The recent developments in the technology to use ethanol as alternative fuel started in 1970s due to the oil price hike. Ethanol is mostly used as a blend with gasoline. Special engines called flexible fuel engines are developed to use these blended fuels. These vehicles can run on fuels having 10%, 15% or up to 85% by volume ethanol concentration (called E10, E15, E85 respectively). Use of blended fuels decreases green house gas emissions

Robots in Ophthalmology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Robots in Ophthalmology - Article Example Sociologist Alvin Toffler may have travelled through time and witness the future when he said, "Technology makes more technology possible". He is right, as after thirty-seven years of rapid technological advancement here were are facing a what he called "abrupt collision with the future" (Toffler 1970), and practically living with these amazing technologies created to make life easier in our homes, built to run our industries, and designed to perform medical care to save lives. Technology in the medical field has come along way; molecular and biometrics, wave technology, nanotechnology, and robot aided surgery is now possible (Combs 2005). As nanotechnology makes it possible to build up materials and systems to produce new physical, chemical and biological properties out of existing common materials, robotics are all about computer controlled mechanical devices built to mimic human movements and intelligence (Woods 2007).Advanced robotic products such as surgical robots are now commo n in operating rooms of large medical centres, and it is recognized as a dynamic surgical tool for enhancing human surgeon's dexterity in less invasive surgical procedures Although their high cost prohibits general use, initial applications of these robots considerably prove their clinical benefits and surgical potential. In general, intelligent surgical robots main advantages are its ability to register medical images accurately, to move consistently without exhaustion and tremor, work in a hazardous environments unsuitable to human surgeons, and their ability to reposition instruments swiftly and precisely through complicated trajectories or on top of numerous targets. The precision and steadiness of these robots is what makes them ideal for surgical procedures particularly in delicate eye surgery (Webster and Li 2003). Although robots are precise and steady, there is no evidence that they can perform cataract removal surgery alone or perform any surgery independently. They merely serve as robotic mechanical arms for ophthalmologist performing remote surgery through a three dimensional virtual-reality console. With hands and head partly inserted inside the console, the surgeon moves his hands as if he is directly performing the surgery while the robot is simultaneously imitating the movement of the surgeons arm and physically performing the operation. Surgical robot now is more like an interventional piece of technology than a self-sufficient intelligent machine. For instance, the popular surgical robot, the da Vinci Surgical System (see Fig. 1), priced at more than one million dollar, is just a three arm (with 4th optional arm) mechanical machine equipped with a variety of electronic hardware who perform surgery by following instantaneous instructions from a surgeon while imitating his hands and ar ms movements. There is no known technology yet that is capable of virtually emulating a human surgeon's competence and senses particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Although ophthalmic surgery with a robot can increase precision, speed, and eliminate tremor, they do not have substantial or convincing advantage similar to robots in other surgical fields (Roach 2007). For instance, using the same da Vinci Surgical robot in heart surgery provides a better alternative to customary chest cracking technique, lengthy incision, bone cutting, and ripping of the ribs. Since "cutting people open is no longer the focus of modern surgery" ( Darzi 2007).The success rate of robot assisted closed chest surgery approach and less invasive surgeries shows significant positive results particularly in patient's health and quick recovery; since they do not have to endure the excruciating traditional surgery procedures with large incisions involved (Goldschmidt 2007). However, surgical robot in general is still in a transition stage and used primarily as a tool. They still do not have the capability and intelligence of a real surgeon who can perform surgery independe

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be Research Paper

Aviation safety has been a major concern in the states. What can be done to improve commercial aviation - Research Paper Example On average, the number of fatal air accidents has reduced in the 21st century. However, with incidences such as the recent disappearance of a Malaysian Aeroplane, concerns on the safety of air transport are raised. Historically, United States of America has been very conscious of its air transport industry. There was enacted the Air Commerce law in 1926 which was geared towards regulating the industry. This Act provided that any air accidents should be thoroughly investigated and recommendations made. It also provided for the licencing of aircrafts and pilots. In addition, air safety, rules were spelled out as well as the use of navigation aids. The interventions have been on improvement up to today. However, accidents have not failed to occur every single year. The rate of accidents has been decreasing when a comparison is drawn between the 20th and the 21st century. Alaska makes a major contribution to the number of accidents that occur; this has been attributed to weather. 2001 was a year that witnessed major aircraft accidents and the use of aircrafts in terrorism attacks. AL Qaeda militants hijacked four passenger airliner of which two of them crashed in the North and South towers in the World trade Centre. Another major accident took place almost at the same time killing 256 people. There has been a continuous improvement made in terms of the engineering technologies, design, maintenance, as well as the development of regulations that sets safety regulation and protocols. United States has created and strengthened its institutions in monitoring air safety. The Federal Aviation Administration is a body that has been strengthened over time through the input of Congress to handle aviation regulations. The body was established through a bill presented to the Senate on May 21, 1958 and the assent of the president on August 23 1958 led to the establishment of the agency. Initially, the role of regulation was bore by Civil

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy Research Paper

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy - Research Paper Example In other words, organizational culture refers to the basic beliefs and aims of any organization, and how all the work and purposes of that organization will revolve around those beliefs and aims. The key to a strong organization lies in developing their organizational culture, such that it is unique to each organization, yet commonly understood by all members within the organization (Parker, 200). This basically means that every person in the organization should have a clear idea of what they are working for, what their core beliefs as a member of the organization are and what is the main purpose of the firm. It is clear however that these beliefs and strategies are not developed on their own. Any successful organization will find itself headed by a leader who has a clear vision of the purpose and future of their organization, and who does their best to instill this vision in the members of their organization (Kotter and Heskett, 192). Strong organizational culture is developed by organizational members in leadership positions, whether or not they are the founding members of that organization. The success of any organization lies in the hands of their leaders and in how successful those leaders are in developing this organizational strategy and culture. Consider for example the organizational culture and strategy of Apple Inc. Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company initially started out as a computer technology organization, but over time developed into an organization focused more on consumer retail goods. Apple is both famous and infamous for its highly publicized organization culture, accredited highly to Steve Jobs, both in its success and its infamy. Apple Inc. enjoys a highly unique organizational culture, varied in its style from almost any of its time. The aims of the company are straightforward and simple: the company

Robots in Ophthalmology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Robots in Ophthalmology - Article Example Sociologist Alvin Toffler may have travelled through time and witness the future when he said, "Technology makes more technology possible". He is right, as after thirty-seven years of rapid technological advancement here were are facing a what he called "abrupt collision with the future" (Toffler 1970), and practically living with these amazing technologies created to make life easier in our homes, built to run our industries, and designed to perform medical care to save lives. Technology in the medical field has come along way; molecular and biometrics, wave technology, nanotechnology, and robot aided surgery is now possible (Combs 2005). As nanotechnology makes it possible to build up materials and systems to produce new physical, chemical and biological properties out of existing common materials, robotics are all about computer controlled mechanical devices built to mimic human movements and intelligence (Woods 2007).Advanced robotic products such as surgical robots are now commo n in operating rooms of large medical centres, and it is recognized as a dynamic surgical tool for enhancing human surgeon's dexterity in less invasive surgical procedures Although their high cost prohibits general use, initial applications of these robots considerably prove their clinical benefits and surgical potential. In general, intelligent surgical robots main advantages are its ability to register medical images accurately, to move consistently without exhaustion and tremor, work in a hazardous environments unsuitable to human surgeons, and their ability to reposition instruments swiftly and precisely through complicated trajectories or on top of numerous targets. The precision and steadiness of these robots is what makes them ideal for surgical procedures particularly in delicate eye surgery (Webster and Li 2003). Although robots are precise and steady, there is no evidence that they can perform cataract removal surgery alone or perform any surgery independently. They merely serve as robotic mechanical arms for ophthalmologist performing remote surgery through a three dimensional virtual-reality console. With hands and head partly inserted inside the console, the surgeon moves his hands as if he is directly performing the surgery while the robot is simultaneously imitating the movement of the surgeons arm and physically performing the operation. Surgical robot now is more like an interventional piece of technology than a self-sufficient intelligent machine. For instance, the popular surgical robot, the da Vinci Surgical System (see Fig. 1), priced at more than one million dollar, is just a three arm (with 4th optional arm) mechanical machine equipped with a variety of electronic hardware who perform surgery by following instantaneous instructions from a surgeon while imitating his hands and ar ms movements. There is no known technology yet that is capable of virtually emulating a human surgeon's competence and senses particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Although ophthalmic surgery with a robot can increase precision, speed, and eliminate tremor, they do not have substantial or convincing advantage similar to robots in other surgical fields (Roach 2007). For instance, using the same da Vinci Surgical robot in heart surgery provides a better alternative to customary chest cracking technique, lengthy incision, bone cutting, and ripping of the ribs. Since "cutting people open is no longer the focus of modern surgery" ( Darzi 2007).The success rate of robot assisted closed chest surgery approach and less invasive surgeries shows significant positive results particularly in patient's health and quick recovery; since they do not have to endure the excruciating traditional surgery procedures with large incisions involved (Goldschmidt 2007). However, surgical robot in general is still in a transition stage and used primarily as a tool. They still do not have the capability and intelligence of a real surgeon who can perform surgery independe

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy Research Paper

Leadership, Power and Corporate Strategy - Research Paper Example In other words, organizational culture refers to the basic beliefs and aims of any organization, and how all the work and purposes of that organization will revolve around those beliefs and aims. The key to a strong organization lies in developing their organizational culture, such that it is unique to each organization, yet commonly understood by all members within the organization (Parker, 200). This basically means that every person in the organization should have a clear idea of what they are working for, what their core beliefs as a member of the organization are and what is the main purpose of the firm. It is clear however that these beliefs and strategies are not developed on their own. Any successful organization will find itself headed by a leader who has a clear vision of the purpose and future of their organization, and who does their best to instill this vision in the members of their organization (Kotter and Heskett, 192). Strong organizational culture is developed by organizational members in leadership positions, whether or not they are the founding members of that organization. The success of any organization lies in the hands of their leaders and in how successful those leaders are in developing this organizational strategy and culture. Consider for example the organizational culture and strategy of Apple Inc. Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company initially started out as a computer technology organization, but over time developed into an organization focused more on consumer retail goods. Apple is both famous and infamous for its highly publicized organization culture, accredited highly to Steve Jobs, both in its success and its infamy. Apple Inc. enjoys a highly unique organizational culture, varied in its style from almost any of its time. The aims of the company are straightforward and simple: the company

Cash flow stream Essay Example for Free

Cash flow stream Essay ?1. What is the present value of the following uneven cash flow stream ?$50, $100, $75, and $50 at the end of Years 0 through 3? The appropriate interest rate is 10%, compounded annually. PV=190.46 (SEE EXCEL FILE ATTACHED) 2. We sometimes need to find out how long it will take a sum of money (or something else, such as earnings, population, or prices) to grow to some specified amount. For example, if a company’s sales are growing at a rate of 20% per year, how long will it take sales to double? It would take about 3. 801784 years before the sales double. (SEE EXCEL FILE ATTACHED) 3. Will the future value be larger or smaller if we compound an initial amount more often than annually— for example, every 6 months, or semiannually—holding the stated interest rate constant? Why? It will be larger because it’s basically like adding on interest on top of interest as the frequency increases. 4. What is the effective annual rate (EAR or EFF %) for a nominal rate of 12%, compounded semiannually? Compounded quarterly? Compounded monthly? Compounded daily? EAR = (1 + Nominal Interest/Number of Period) ^Number of Period -1 SEMI ANNUALLY= (1+.12/2)^2-1=12.36% QUARTERLY= (1+.12/4)^4-1=12.55% MONTHLY= (1+.12/12)^12-1=12.68% DAILY= (1+.12/365)^365-1=12.75% 5. Suppose that on January 1 you deposit $100 in an account that pays a nominal (or quoted) interest rate of 11.33463%, with interest added (compounded) daily. How much will you have in your account on October 1, or 9 months later? OCT 1ST= 100*(1+.1133463/365) ^ (365*.75) = $108.87 6. What would be the value of the bond described above if, just after it had been issued, the expected inflation rate rose by 3 percentage points, causing investors to require a 13% return? Would we now have a discount or a premium bond? PV= $837.21 (SEE EXCEL FILE ATTACHED) It would be considered a discounted bond because the present value is less than its face value. 7. What would happen to the bond’s value if inflation fell and rd declined to 7%? Would we now have a premium or a discount bond? PV= $1210.71 (SEE EXCEL FILE ATTACHED)Â  It would be considered a premium bond because the present value is more than the face value. 8. What is the yield to maturity on a 10-year, 9% annual coupon, $1,000 par value bond that sells for $887.00? That sells for $1,134.20? What does a bond selling at a discount or at a premium tell you about the relationship between rd and the bond’s coupon rate? RATE = 11% for a bond that sells for $887 and the RATE = 7% for a bond selling for $1134.20 9. What are the total return, the current yield, and the capital gains yield for the discount bond in Question #8 at $887.00? At $1,134.20? (Assume the bond is held to maturity and the company does not default on the bond.) The return for the $887 bond is 11% and the yield is 90/887 which equals 10.15%. The capital gain would be 11% 10.15%= .85% The return for the $1134.20 bond is 7% and the yield is 90/1134.20 which equals 7.9%. The capital gain would be 7% 7.9%= -.9%

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay

The Different Techniques A Translator Use English Language Essay The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a theoretical background to support the different techniques a translator use during the translation process. Moreover, it will develop information related to the text analysis, translation methods, and translation techniques. All this information will help the reader to have a better understanding about what has been established by the experts and how this can help translators to achieve a translated text that can be understood with accuracy and effectiveness. Moreover, this chapter will add the information related to the glossary creation and its relevance not only to the translator by itself but to the translation process as well, creating a big difference in the quality and consistency within and across the text, minimizing the amount of time spent on the research and correction of the terms and in along with making the text content understandable, so both the reader and the translator can be at the same basis in meaning and simultaneously reduce errors while understanding the texts. Finally, it will refer to the relationship between the theories explained and the research questions provided in Chapter 1. The intention of this final section is to explain how this information will be used to gather the required data and also to design the instruments for the data collection, which will be presented in Chapter 3. 2.1. Text analysis It is the process of decoding the text to be translated. According to Nord (2005 ) Most writers on translation theory agree that before embarking upon any translation the translator should analyse the text comprehensively, since this appears to be the only way of ensuring that the source text has been completely and correctly understood. This is mainly because every work is different and translators need to really grasp the intention of the author as well as the meaning of the text by itself so understanding the main point in the source piece would provide a natural and accurate translation. Newmark ´s (1988) discussion regarding the analysis of a text, mention that the purpose of reading the original, is first to understand what the text is about and second to analyze the text from a translator point of view, to determine a suitable translation method, so the intention of the text can be understood. Which is complete different from a linguists or literary critics, now that to translate it is necessary to determine the intention of the writer in order to identify the correct methods of translation. Furthermore, he mention important steps at the time of understanding the text; close and general reading are necessary to capture the essence of the text, familiarize and find additional facts. Moreover there is the close reading, where the translator need to analyses the text, required for words both in and out of context, everything that does not have a good sense needs to be looked up. Translation is compare to an iceberg, the translation is just the top, but the research and investigation of the translator is what holds the top, that can never been see. 2.1.1 Text Styles To translate a whole text accurately it requires consideration of its context and resulting features, such as style. Newark (1988) points out Nidas four types of literary or non-literary texts: a) Narrative: a dynamic sequence of events, where the emphasis is on the verbs or for English dummy or empty verbs plus verb-nouns or phrasal verbs (He made a sudden appearance, He burst in) b) Description: is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns. c) Discussion: a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstracts nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity (consider, argue, etc), logical argument and connectives. d) Dialogue: with emphasis on colloquialism and phaticisms. 2.1.2 Stylistic Scales The stylistic scale is one of the main aspects when translators analyze the text; this is because it helps the translator to identify the type of readers the text would be addressed to, as well as the vocabulary that would be needed in the translation. 2.1.2.1 Scale of formality Based on Newmark (1988) the following are examples of the scale of formality: Officialese The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment. Official The consumption of nutriments is prohibited. Formal You are requested not to consume food in this establishment. Neutral Eating is not allowed here. Informal Please dont eat here Colloquial You cant feed your face here. Slang Lay off the nosh. Taboo Lay off the fucking nosh. 2.1.2.2 Scale of generality or difficulty Newmark (1988) also points out specific types in the scale of generality: Simple The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Popular The floor of the oceans is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits. Neutral A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earths crust. Educated The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making man. Technical Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management Opaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert) Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides. 2.2.3 Scale of Emotional tone Keeping on Newmark (1988) perspective, he defined three scales of emotional tone which are: Intense: (profuse use of intensifiers): absolutely wonderful, ideally dark bass, enormously successful, superbly controlled, gentle, soft, heart-warming melodies. Factual: (cool): Significant, exceptionally well judged, personable, presentable, considerable. Understandable: notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦undignified (Understatement) On the other hand, Newmark (1988) also mentioned the importance of the attitude for evaluations and recommendation texts now that there is a thin line in the critical difference between positive or negative opinions for a translator, for this reason is necessary to establish the standards of the writer. In addition, the translator must be sure that the expressions are understood in the target text taking into consideration if they are positive, neutral, or negative. 2.1.3 Text function The text function provides to the reader the idea of what the text is about, and also what the author is trying to transmit them. For this reason it is very important for the translator to recognize as well the source text function to reproduce the same effect for the target readers. Newmark (1988) mentioned Buhler functional theory of language where three main functions of language are explained: expressive, the informative, and finally the vocative. 2.1.3.1 Informative The main factor of the informative function of language is the fact of the topic and the explanation of the author. As Newmark (1988) states the typical informative texts are about any topic of knowledge. He explained that the format of an informative text is standard such as: a textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes or agenda of a meeting. It is important to leave the text naturally in order to understand the information, at the end, the objective of an informative text is to teach readers about a specific subject matter. He also mentions that informative text has 4 scales of language varieties: First, a formal, non-emotive, technical style for academic papers. This scale is characterized by passives, present and present perfect tenses, literal language, Latinized vocabulary, jargon, multi-noun compounds with empty verbs and no metaphors. Neutral or informal style with defined technical terms of textbooks characterized by first person plural, present tense, dynamic active verbs, and basic conceptual metaphors. An informal warm style for popular science or art books characterized by simple grammatical structures, a wide range of vocabulary to accommodate definitions and numerous illustrations, and stock metaphors and a simple vocabulary. And finally, a familiar, non-technical style for popular journalism, characterized by surprising metaphors, short sentences, Americanese, unconventional punctuation, adjectives before proper names and colloquialisms. 2.1.3.2 Expressive Newmark (1988) stated that expressive function is more related to the feelings of the author, the mind of the speaker and the writer. He categorized three different aspects of the expressive function: 1. Serious imaginative literature: Of the four principal types -lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays lyrical poetry is the most intimate expression, while plays are more evidently addressed to a large audience, which, in the translation, is entitled to some assistance with cultural expressions. 2. Authoritative statements: These are texts of any nature which derive their authority from the high status or the reliability and linguistic competence of their authors. Such texts have the personal stamp of their authors, although they are denotative, not connotative. Typical authoritative statements are political speeches, documents etc., by ministers or party leaders; statutes and legal documents; scientific, philosophical and academic works written by acknowledged authorities. 3. Autobiography, essays, personal correspondence: These are expressive when they are personal effusions, when the readers are a remote background Also, he recommends that the translator needs to make a distinction about the personal components of the texts, for example: collocations, originals metaphors, neologisms, and so on. 2.1.3.3 Vocative The vocative function is related to calling upon the reader to react of what was written. Based on Newmark (1988) the core of this function is the readership, and has been given lots of other names such as: conative (denoting effort), instrumental (instrumental), operating, and pragmatic (in the sense of used to produce a certain effect on the readership). Examples of a vocative function of language are notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing where the main objective is to sell to entertain the addressee. In the vocative text the vital for the writer is the reader now that it target directly to the reader, the use of you is common to develop and influence in the person. Newmark mention to facts in vocative text there are also 2 vocative texts. First, the vocative text is the connection between the writer and reader using some forms, infinitives, imperatives, subjunctives, indicatives, impersonal, passives, and tags, all those examples playing a part in asymmetrical or symmetrical relationship. The second factor is that this source of text needs to be writing in the easy comprehensible form for the reader, the translator need to take in consideration the linguistic and cultural level of the reader. 2.1.4 Type of translation The application of the translation methods will transform the source text to an available target text for wider readers and make communication possible among the speakers of the different languages. Newmark (1988) mentioned that several scholars have been trying to identify what are the best translation methods, whether to translate literally or freely. No matter what techniques or methods are used, the translators job is to maintain a faithful target text. Even though, there are different translation methods, this chapter will develop only two of them: semantic translation and communicative translation. 2.1.4.1 Semantic translation According to Newmark (1988) semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents une nonne repassant un corporal may become a nun ironing a corporal cloth and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translators intuitive empathy with the original. 2.1.4.2 Communicative translation This method is use to render the exact contextual meaning of the source language to the target language is such form that both languages and content are acceptable and comprehensible to the reader. Newmark (1988) He comments about the last to methods (semantic and communicative), they fulfill the main aims of translation (accuracy and economy). In the cases of semantic translation the translator writes as the level of the author, but the communicative translation is base in the reader and his needs. Semantic in common use for expressive texts, in the case of communicative is usually use in informative and vocative texts. These 2 methods treat the following items similarity: stock and dead metaphors, normal collocations, technique terms, slang, colloquialism, standard notice, phaticisms, and ordinary language. 2.2 Translation techniques The translation process is not an easy task; however, translators can count with many types of techniques in order to provide a high quality final work. It is important to mention, that translators must ensure they managed the techniques in a proper way, so the meaning of the target text will not have coherence problems. In this part of the chapter the different type of translation techniques develop by authors like Peter Newmark, Vasquez Ayora and Lopez Guix will be explain. All they points of view will by explain and compare to demonstrate the differences between each technique and the importance of each one. 2.2.1 Transposition For Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the purpose of the transposition is to achieve expression naturalness for the target text, in all levels like lexical, structure and the context, and also can be defined as the procedure where a part of speech of the source text is replaced in the target text. Moreover, Newmark (1988) aims different types of transposition or shift (term used by Catford) such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change from singular to plural: furniture to des muebles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change in the position of the adjective: la maison blanche to the white house à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When the source text contains a grammatical structure that does not exist in the target text: il viente de le faire to recently. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the target text: Il ne tardera pas a renter to He will come back soon And he concludes that transposition is the only procedure that is related to grammar, and normally translators use this method intuitively. In order to have an integral knowledge about the varieties of transposition, here are exemplified some of the varieties which were mentioned by Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977): 2.2.1.1 Abverb/Verb The application of hard work should eventually produce a heaven on earth La aplicacià ³n del trabajo diligente acabarà ­a por producir un paraà ­so en la tierra 2.2.1.2 Abverb/Noun That wont be often enough Eso serà ­a demasiada frecuencia 2.2.1.3 Abverb/Adjective The genuine international body El genuino cuerpo internacional 2.2.1.4 Verb or Past Participle/Noun We havent hear from him for a long time No hemos tenido noticias suyas por mucho tiempo 2.2.1.5 Adverb/Adjective We will attempt to be brief; relying on subsequent discussion to clarify points whichà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Trataremos de ser breves, confiados en que las discusiones subsiguientes podremos esclarecer 2.2.1.6 Verb/Adverb There used to be an inn there Habà ­a hace mucho allà ­ una posada 2.2.1.7 Noun/Verb or Past Participle During the remainder of the term Hasta que expire el mandato 2.2.1.8 Adjective/Noun It was another busy day beginning Comenzaba otro dà ­a de ajetreos 2.2.1.9 Adjective/Verb He pulled sharply upward into a full loop Ascendià ³ agudamente hasta completar un giro 2.2.1.10 Past Participle/Adjective Improved inputs Insumos mejores (o de mejor calidad) 2.2.2 Modulation According to Newmark (1988), modulation is defined by Vinay and Darbelnet as: a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective (eclairage) and very often of category of though. Standard modulation is recorded bilingual dictionaries, Newmark mention that free modulation is been use by translators when a target language reject the literary translation, there are eleven categories of modulation lists, but Newmark focus in just one negated contrary, as positive for double negative, is a concrete translation procedure which can be applied in any action (verb, adjective or adverb). Newmark (1988), mention that translations are free and double negative is not a forceful as the positive, the double negative depends of the voice, for that reason this modulation must depend on its formulation and the context. There are lexical gaps, but this modulation is virtually mandatory, the procedure is potentially available, but can be use when the translation is not natural, in other cases the procedures can be used. The second modulation procedure according to Vinay and Darbelnets is part of the whole, and it is explains by Newmark (1988) as: misleadingly described; it consists of what I can familiar alternatives. Newmark (1988) name the other modulation procedures: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part for another Reversal of terms Active for passive Intervals and limits Change of symbols The active for passive procedures is considering a transposition by Newmark (1988), it is mandatory when passive do not exist. There is important to mention that Newmark consider the categorization did by Vinay and Darbelnet incorrect. On the other hand the definition and categorization of modulation by Lopez Guix (1997), is the same definition of Newmark originated from Vinay and Darbelnet. But it is also define as a transposition in terms of the message due to the categories of thinking instead of grammar. In the procedures mention before the difficulties rising due to structure of two different linguistics systems, to all this is have to be add the linguistic and cultural specifications. Metonymic transfer (spatial contiguity, temporal or causal relationship between the original and the translations) Synecdoche or inclusion (this transformation is more common in English since this language is more direct, concrete) Reversal of terms (the change became the appositive) Negated contrary to create an affirmation (It is common in English, the use is not mandatory, the used depends of the context) Active for passive (English prefer the passive voice, opposite to Spanish which reject the passive voice) Change of symbols (this procedure let the translator to about the estrangement and desfamiliarization at the time to transform the sentences) The change from a casual for to an educated form (this is a common change from English to Spanish) Lopez Guix (1997) Another author is Vasquez Ayora (1977) he consider modulation as way to fight the literalism. Stylistic compare notion, it is a conceptual based inside a proposition, without changing the meaning, which is a different point of view from the translator using a different metaphor. Like Guix and Newmark, Ayora (1977), base is analysis with the same explanation of Vinay and Darbelnet. Ayora also mention that a different point of view will be the linguistic analysis. To this explanation we can add the hypothesis of George Mounin (1970) which said different point of view different analysis of text. Ayora consider transposition and modulation the most important procedures of translation. The categorization of modulation from Ayora is: Abstract for concrete Cause for effect One part the whole One part for another Inversion de terminus Negated contrary Form, aspect and used Change of symbols Symbols, in this case Ayora (1977) subdivide this procedure in: Passive to active Complement and configuration phrases Hypotactic and paratactic order Question and affirmation marks Director indirect speech Exocentric and endocentric expressions Figurate and direct vision Figurate vision to another Direct vision to figure Animism to inanimismo 2.2.3 Omision and amplificacià ³n Some of the translation methods are mainly used to resolve some reciprocation issues in order to convey the meaning and fit into the target language. A non-expert translator is more oriented to literal translation because of his/her fear or lack of knowledge about the different types of methods; however, in translation the objective is to respect the ideas in order to convey the meaning and not to be focused only on the words. One of the procedures that help translator to be more natural is omission, since as Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977) says it is often ignored or underused. He also adds that omission obeys to the linguistic principle of saving and the requirement of naturalness of equivalence in the target language. Furthermore, Và ¡zquez-Ayora presents different types of omission, some examples below: 2.2.3.1 Omission of Abusive Redundancies In many cases companies profit from the research grants Muchas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as sacan provecho de las donaciones para la investigacià ³n 2.2.3.2 Omission of Repletion Georgette smiled that wonderful smile, and we shook hand all round (Hemingway) Georgette tuvo una maravillosa sonrisa y todos nos dimos la mano 2.2.3.3 Omission of Auxiliary can I can hear music in the next room Oigo mà ºsica en la otra oficina 2.2.3.4 Different Examples of Omission: The implications of increasing interdependence among nations Las implicaciones de la creciente interdependencia de las naciones (o de la dependencia entre naciones The only other nomination made so far is that of the Argentinian Ambassador La à ºnica candidatura propuesta hasta ahora es la del Embajador de Argentina In contrast, the addition method is opposed to saving, without neglecting the natural tone of the target text, where more lexemes and morphemes (words or symbols) are used in the final text to express the same idea. There are also several types of addition, according to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977); however, only some of them will be mentioned: 2.2.3.5 Adverb Addition I told her that life here is not interesting Le dije que la vida en esta ciudad carece de interà ©s 2.2.3.6 Verb Addition I dont know what you mean No sà © lo que quieres decir 2.2.3.7 Adjective Addition I intent to discuss the economy of your programs Deseo discutir la economà ­a de las propagandas que ustedes dirigen 2.2.4 Explicitacion Explicitation is used by translators to express what is implicit from the source text to the target text. According to Và ¡zquez-Ayora (1977), the English language owns high levels of semantic and meta-linguistic aspects that need to be explicit in Spanish, meaning that English has linguistic concentration of thought advantages over Spanish, so if these elements are not clear, the target text can be vague. Moreover, Và ¡zquez-Ayora adds that the main objective of this method is explain and be specific; however, he emphasizes that this procedure cannot be used overused, since if the message from the source text is hidden, it should be translated as the original paper in order to not loss the accuracy. Below some examples: He shook his head can be translated as Movià ³ la cabeza afirmativamente A need for specific skills can be translated as Necesidad de personal especializado en ramos especificos Their long journey halfway across the world can be translated as El largo viaje que habia de conducirles a travez del mundo 2.2.5 Traduccion literal For this term Newmark consider literal translation as a technique and best option to translating text where the form is important as the content of great speeches, autobiographies and literary works. Guix (1977) explain the literary translation with the words of Vinay and Darbelnet, is the transfer word by word respecting the linguistic bonded of the target language. Guix (1977) also mention that literal translation is interlineal. In the case of Ayora (1997) he explains that literal translation is a procedure in which the translator need to involved a parallel structure and concept, this is not word for word translation. 2.2.6 Falsas anà ¡logas Both languages, Spanish and English, have thousands of words that are the same or alike in form and also have the same meaning, this group is known as cognates. On the other hand, there are another group of words that are deceiving and look similar, but the meaning is quite different, these are known as false cognates or false friends. These false cognates can cause translation problems, so the translator needs to be very careful when encountering words that seem to be the same in both languages; therefore, it is better to not assume the meaning of the words and also recommends reviewing the words in a monolingual dictionary first. 2.3 Glossaries The Merriam Webster dictionary define glossary as a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their respective meanings a list that gives definitions of the hard or unusual words found in a book. But glossaries are much more, they are exceptional tools for translators, as they help in the selection of appropriate terms during the translation process, now that are customized dictionaries with a list of terms in a special subject or field with its definitions , uses, and associated notes in the target language . Glossaries are used by translators working on difficult text with specific terminology; these lists of terms could also include any company or product specific content ranging from standard abbreviations, names, technical terms and phrases; software strings; legal terms; ingredient lists; catalogue items; and more depending on the field of the translation. Plus other identifying information such as context or reference that may also be included. In this section specific aspects of the glossary would be explained such as its relevance not only for the translator but as for the translation process, in addition to the procedures for translators to create a glossary. 2.3.1 Relevance for the translator According to Gapper (2008) Translators are not required to know the precise meaning of all existing words; especially when working with specialized text such as: institutional translations, papers from the area of politics, commerce, finance, and medicine; so even the best translator may find difficult translating specific concepts or catch phrases if he is not acquainted to that particular topic or field. That is why, translators should have at hand the necessary tools to develop an accurate translation and the glossary is the ideal tool, now that it helps translators to make sure that each time a defined key term appears, in any language, it is used consistently and correctly in addition it ensures that those difficult terms that will be needed by the reader are write down in an easy way helping to better understand the document topic and concepts. 2.3.2 Relevance for the translation process: In the field of translation, the use of a glossary to maintain consistency is really important and can make a big difference in the quality and coherence of the translated document. Access to reliable and accurate terminology is fundamental to minimize the spent of time on researching and correcting the terms that can be so time consuming, in that way the glossary is useful by saving time and effort to the translators, in addition to ensure consistency within and across the text documents. And all this is to produce an understandable content to readers, helping the text to communicate effectively its message to the audience. 2.3.3 How to create a glossary? For the purpose of explaining in a clear and specific way the creation of the glossary, some important recommendations made by Gapper (2008) would be mentioned The first step proposed by Gapper (2008) consists on determining what is needed in order to create a preliminary design; this will help to define the project scope and an efficient time management, especially if the project will be delivered for a specific organization. In this way, the translator can ensure a high quality work. According to Gapper (2008), the gathering information process will allow the person or translator to have a vast knowledge of what is required. Once all this information is compiled, it is also necessary to have the data documented and systematically archived. At this point, the translator can go over with the glossary creation based on the requirements and the users that were defined during the first stage. Below, the specific steps to generate a glossary based on Gapper (2008) recommendation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Determine the purpose of the glossary (users, used, where and under what circumstances will be used? what institution will be benefit? and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Define the content (terms, information regarding the terms) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Additional information, if required (singular/plural, dramatics, usage, and so on) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Format Definition In addition, according to Gapper (2008) another important decision will be to delineate what type of information will be included for each term. The inclusion of equivalences can result should enrich the glossaries, due to there are some words vary in different countries with the same spoken language; she also suggests that a glossary can include examples on how to use a specific term, this can help as a comparison with other terms, and also idiomatic expressions can be included to guide the user. On the other hand, aspects about the format need to be analyzed, here, is important to consider aspects like: the use of caps, parenthesis, and alphabetic order. The last step based on Gapper (2008) recommendation is the verification stage, so before delivering the final version it is needed a meticulous review of the work performed, in the first reading the content should be review to ensure the information is truthful and accurate, and then it guarantees that was offered in a clear and consistent way, the second reading is basically focused on the usage of language and the format aspects. G

Working Women :: essays research papers

Work and the Family The interaction of adults and children is one to be treasured. When a person becomes a parent they change. He/she instantly becomes more mature and are forced to take on numerous responsibilities. However, every parent will agree it is the best feeling one can have. It is truly a privilege to bring a child into this world, and there is nothing more special than to begin a family. During this course I choose to help facilitate two chapters: Work and Family and To Parent or not to Parent. This is what I have learned... This course had three required texts including The New Peoplemaking by Virginia Satir, Marriages and Families by Mary Ann Lamana and Agnes Reidmann, and Annual Editions by a variety of authors. These three articles really helped me to shed light on some of the hidden topics in family life. What exactly is a family? As defined in the Lamana text it is any sexually expressive or parent-child or other kin relationship in which people live together with a commitment in an in timate interpersonal relationship. Family members see their identity as importantly attatched to the group, which has an identity of its own. Families today take on several forms: single-parent, remarried, dual career, communal, homosexual, traditional, and so forth. More and more families are struggling to make the connection of work and family fit together. There are many issues that working families face such as when if ever will the parents go back to work, child care issues, finances, stress, marital strain, division of labor, and and many more topics. As tradition has it men are the breadwinners of the family but during recent years that role seems to be changing. More and more women have white collar jobs, and are bringing home more money. Tradition leads us to believe that men bring home all the money and women stay home with the kids. However, now in the 2000's dual career marriages are more popular , and women are coming home to the "second shift", referring to t he unpaid house work waiting for parents at the end of the work day. Women spend on average 20 hours per week doing housework. Another change is that men are doing an increase the amount of housework that they are participating in. Husbands and wives are beginning to share the responsibilities, not just leave it to the husband or the wife.