Innocence and experience Essay Example for Free

Innocence and experience Essay When the theme of innocence and experience is being discussed you can distinguish the correlation between them, ho they both tie into one another. People view childhood as a time of innocence, growth, and freedom from the responsibilities of maturity, whereas adulthood is a time of experience. This coming of age is actually a time where we re-evaluate our identity as adolescences. It is the time in our lives where we continue to find our true selves and explore who we are by experiencing rough circumstances in life-even if it becomes a painful process-while being subjected to an awakening of a bigger picture of life outside our small world. In Araby by James Joyce, we can visualize the transition from fantasy to reality. The narrator thinks of an entire event in the form of an epic quest. He puts Mangan’s sister up on a pedestal and makes himself think he is a knight going after the princess. After hearing the conversation at the bazaar, the narrator reaches an epiphany but not a positive one. Instead of reaffirming his love for Mangan’s sister, he gives up. The boy has his epiphany, but we never find out what happens to his plans or ambitions after the epiphany. Araby focuses on the sudden transition from the illusions of childhood to the insight of maturity. He also leaves out the character’s names to show they haven’t developed a mature identity yet. The boy in Araby experiences the disillusionment in his ideas. At some point in our lives we experience something that begins to diminish what is left of our innocence. But this loss of innocence is what helps us move to a greater wisdom about ourselves and the world around us.

Enhanced Oil Recovery By In Situ Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay

Enhanced Oil Recovery By In Situ Combustion Environmental Sciences Essay Enhanced oil recovery is oil recovery by the injection of materials not normally present in the reservoir. In situ Combustion (ISC) is the process of an enhanced oil recovery process to improve the recovery of heavy crude oil. As it is the oldest thermal recovery technique, it has been used for over nine decades with many economically successful projects. Nevertheless, it is regarded as a high-risk process by many, primarily because of many failures of early field tests. Most of those failures came from application of a good process (ISC) to the wrong reservoirs or to the poorest prospects. This paper contains a description of ISC, a discussion of laboratory screening techniques, an illustration of how to apply laboratory results to field design, a discussion of operational practices and problems, and an analysis of field results. For complete review, the case study is done on Balol and Santhal fields in Mehsana. In-situ combustion has been known since 1888. Mendeleev was the first scientist to suggest the in-situ conversion of coal into combustible gases. Based on the earlier laboratory results, Sheinman and Dubrovai in 1934 proposed the processed the process of oil displacement by means of a moving underground fire-front. A number of field tests, were performed in various regions in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The results from these tests indicated that the heat losses were large, therefore the injected hot gases reached the formation zone with zero thermal energy. These studies however were followed by laboratory research field tests and development of mathematical models to simulate in-situ combustion as a result of which this process has been recognized and can be used as a promising method of recovering heavy oil from petroleum reservoirs. The principle of in-situ combustion is to achieve combustion within the pores of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir, burning part of the oil in place in order to improve the flow of the unburned part. Combustion is supported by the injection of air into the reservoir at one or more wells. The heat generated during combustion is sufficient to raise the rock to a high enough temperature to enable the combustion front to self propagate after initial ignition by increasing mobility of the fluid. Methodology The in-situ combustion process was applied to petroleum reservoirs depending on wide range of characteristics like Nature of formation, depth, temperature, reservoir thickness, permeability, porosity and oil saturation in order to recover oil. Pressure is also a factor but not much critical. The process was applied in reservoirs with average permeability ranging from 40 to 8000mD, whereas the oil saturation varied from 25 to 95%. In addition fuel content is one of the most important factors influencing the success of a fireflood process. The fuel content of the reservoir is the amount of coke available for combustion that is deposited on reservoir rock as a result of distillation and thermal cracking. If the fuel content is too low, the combustion process in the reservoir cannot be self sustained. Moreover, a high fuel content requires a large amount of air and high power cost which means low oil production. Gates and Ramey (1980) compared the estimated fuel content by various methods including laboratory results with that of field project data. It has been shown that fuel content determined experimentally in the laboratory by tube -run method can provide a reasonably good estimation of the fuel content obtained in the field. In situ combustion is basically injection of an oxidizing gas (air or oxygen-enriched air) to generate heat by burning a portion of the resident oil. Most of the oil is driven towards the producers by a combination of gas drive (from the combustion gases), steam and water drive. This process is also called fire flooding to describe the movement of a burning front inside the reservoir. Based on the respective directions of front propagation and air flow, the process can be forward, when the combustion front advances in the same direction as the air flow, or reverse, when the front moves against the air flow. Reverse Combustion This process has been studied extensively in laboratories and has been field tested. In brief, it has not been successful economically for two major reasons. First, combustion started at the producer results in hot produced fluids that often contain unreacted oxygen. These conditions require special, high-cost tubular to protect against high temperatures and corrosion. More oxygen is required to propagate the front compared to forward combustion, thus increasing the major cost of operating an in situ combustion project. Second, unreacted, coke-like heavy ends will remain in the burned portion of the reservoir. At some time in the process the coke will start to burn and the process will revert to forward combustion with considerable heat generation but little oil production. This has occurred even in carefully controlled laboratory experiments. In summary reverse combustion has been found difficult to apply and economically unattractive. Forward Combustion Forward combustion can be further characterized as dry when only air or enriched air are injected or wet when air and water are co-injected. Dry Forward Combustion The first step in dry forward ISC is to ignite the oil. In some cases auto-ignition occurs when air injection begins if the reservoir temperature is fairly high and the oil reasonably reactive. Artificial Ignition has been induced using down hole gas burners, electrical heaters, and/or injection of pyrophoric agents or steam injection. Figure : schematic illustration of the in-situ combustion process (Source) After ignition the combustion front is propagated by a continuous flow of air. As the front progresses into the reservoir, several zones exist between injector and producer as a result of heat and mass transport and the chemical reactions. The above figure is an idealized representation of the various zones and the resulting temperature and fluid saturation distributions. In the field there are transitions between zones. A. The burned zone is the volume already burned. This zone is filled with air and may contain small amounts of residual unburned organic solids. As it has been subjected to high temperatures, mineral alterations are possible. Because of the continuous airflow from the injector, the burned zone temperature increases from injected air temperature at the injector to combustion front temperature at the combustion front. B. The combustion front is the highest temperature zone. It is very thin, often no more than several inches thick. It is in this region that oxygen combines with the fuel and high temperature oxidation occurs. The products of the burning reactions are water and carbon oxides. The fuel is often misnamed coke. In fact it is not pure carbon but a hydrocarbon with H/C atomic ratios ranging from about 0.6 to 2.0. This fuel is formed in the thermal cracking zone just ahead of the front and is the product of cracking and pyrolisis which is deposited on the rock matrix. The amount of fuel burned is an important parameter because it determines how much air must be injected to burn a certain volume of reservoir. C/D. The cracking/vaporization zone is downstream of the front. The crude is modified in this zone by the high temperature of the combustion process. The light ends vaporize and are transported downstream where they condense and mix with the original crude. The heavy ends pyrolize, resulting in CO2 , CO, hydrocarbon gases and solid organic fuel deposited on the rock. E. The steam plateau. This is the zone where some of the hydrocarbon vapors condense. Most of those condense further downstream as the steam condenses. The steam plateau temperature depends on the partial pressure of the water in the gas phase. Depending on the temperature the original oil may undergo a mild thermal cracking, often named visbreaking that usually reduces oil viscosity. F. A water bank exists at the leading edge of the steam plateau where the temperature is less than steam saturation temperature. This water bank decreases in temperature and saturation downstream, with a resulting increase in oil saturation. G. The oil bank. This zone contains most of the displaced oil including most of the light ends that result from thermal cracking. H. Beyond these affected areas is the undisturbed original reservoir. Gas saturation will increase only slightly in this area because of the high mobility of combustion gases. Wet Forward Combustion A large amount of heat is stored in the burned zone during dry forward in situ combustion, because the low heat capacity of air cannot transfer that heat efficiently. Water injected with the air can capture and advance more heat stored in the burned zone. During wet combustion injected water absorbs the heat from the burned zone, vaporizes, moves through the burning front and condenses, expanding the steam plateau. This results in faster heat movement and oil displacement. Depending on the water/air ratio, wet combustion is classified as: (1) incomplete when the water is converted into superheated steam and recovers only part of the heat from the burned zone, (2) normal when all the heat from the burned zone is recovered, and (3) quenched or super wet when the front temperature declines as a result of the injected water. ISC requires particular attention to air compression, ignition, well design, completion, and production practices. Air compression causes high temperatures because of the high c p / cv ratio of air. Compressor design must consider these high temperatures to ensure continuous, sustained operations free from the corrosive effects of air and the explosion hazards of some lubricating fluids. Mineral oils are not recommended. Synthetic lubricants withstand the higher temperatures and offer lower volatility and flammability than conventional lubricants. In order to achieve the combustion in the petroleum reservoir, mainly Spontaneous ignition and Artificial ignition are the two methods that are used for heavy oil recovery. Ignition can occur spontaneously if the oil is reactive, the reservoir temperature high enough, and the reservoir is reasonably thick. Down hole gas-fired burners allow good control of the temperature of injected gases and may be operated at a greater depth than other methods. The disadvantages include the need to run multiple tubing strings in the injection wells. Catalytic heaters run at lower temperatures but are expensive. Electrical heaters can be lowered with a single cable, and can provide excellent temperature control. They can be reused repeatedly. There is, however, a depth limitation because of electrical power losses in the cable. Chemically enhanced ignition may require handling and storage of dangerous materials. Steam may be used to locally increase reservoir temperature and facilitate auto ignition . It suffers from depth limitation because of wellbore heat losses, but when the conditions are right it can be a very simple and effective method for ignition. Combustion process was also employed as primary and tertiary recovery processes. Applications In situ combustion can be applied to many different reservoirs. Some suggested screening guidelines are: Nature of the Formation : The rock type is not important provided that the matrix/oil system is reactive enough to sustain combustion. As in any drive process, high permeability streaks are detrimental. Swelling clays may be a problem in the steam plateau area. Depth: Depth should be large enough to ensure containment of the injected air in the reservoir. There is no depth limit, except that this may affect the injection pressure. Pressure: Pressure will affect the economics of the process, but does not affect the technical aspects of combustion. Temperature: Temperature will affect auto ignition but is otherwise not critical. Reservoir Thickness: Thickness should be greater than about 4m (15 ft) 2,3 to avoid excessive heat losses to surrounding formations. Very thick formations may present sweep efficiency problems because of gravity override. Permeability: This has to be sufficient to allow injection of air at the designed air flux. The air injectivity is especially important for heavy oil reservoirs. Conditions are favorable when kh /ÃŽÂ ¼ is greater than about 5md m/cp.3 Porosity and Oil Saturation: These have to be large enough to allow economic oil recovery. The product, à Ã¢â‚¬   So , needs to be greater than 0.08 for combustion to be economically successful. Oil Gravity: This parameter is not critical. Insitu viscosity has to be low enough to allow air injection and resulting oil production at the design rate. Oil Nature: In heavy oil projects the oil should be readily oxidizable at reservoir and rock matrix conditions. The laboratory experiments can also determine the amount of air needed to burn a given reservoir volume. This is key to the profitability of the process. Current Status of In-Situ Combustion The in-situ combustion process is attractive economically, provided it is applied to petroleum reservoirs containing approximately 50% oil saturation. The fuel content is one of the important parameters for combustion support at a relatively low air/oil ratio. Although laboratory experiments can provide some basic understanding of the process, the primary evaluation factor is a field application before the process is employed on a large scale. The present status of oil production by in-situ combustion in the United States is nearly 11,000 bbl/day. The commercial dry ISC project at Romania is the largest project of its kind and it has been in operation for more than 34 years. The Balol and Santhal projects in India have been in operation for more than seven years and have been applied in a wet mode. Currently, combined all these three projects produce approximately 2300m3 /day. It is likely that very little laboratory research can be performed to improve the displacement efficiency of this process. With continued improvement of the in-situ combustion technology, it is almost certain that some form of this process, such as dry, wet, and partially quenched combustion, will find greater application in the coming years. Currently, commercial In situ combustion projects are Economic Evaluation It is recognized that the success or failure of an enhanced oil recovery process depends on the economic evaluation. An economic study completed by Wilson and Root (1966), which is based on a modified form of two-dimensional model presented by Chu, compares the cost of heating a reservoir. The cost comparison was studied for a reservoir either in the presence of steam injection or forward combustion without oil production. The main consideration was to determine heating cost of the same dimensions of a reservoir by either steam injection or by forward combustion. The following conclusions were drawn from this study; (1) Combustion is favored over steam injection as the sand thickness decreases the pressure increase. (2) As the coke deposition increases, steam injection is favored over the combustion process. (3) As the heated distance in the reservoir increases, reservoir heating by combustion is more favorable as compared to steam injection. (4) Decreased injection rated favors the cost of steam injection relative to air. (5) Increased wellbore losses with increasing depth favor combustion. Conclusions It has been shown that in-situ combustion process is suitable to displace oils of gravities greater than 10 degree API. The average oil recovery by employing in-situ combustion is 50%. The major amount of oil is recovered before breakthrough of the combustion zone. For heavy oils, about 50% crude oil recovery occurs after breakthrough, whereas low-viscosity oil production declines very rapidly following breakthrough. The breakthrough of combustion zone can be recognized by an increase in gas production and its oxygen content. This is followed by a sharp increase ranging from 100 degree to 200 degree Fahrenheit in bottom hole temperature. In addition, the increase in water cut of the produced oil also indicates the breakthrough of the combustion zone. At the same time, pH of the produced water decreases, which is usually due to increase in the content of ions such as iron and sulphate. CASE STUDY IN-SITU COMBUSTION AT MEHSANA, GUJARAT. Mehsana asset, located in the northern part of Gujarat state in India is the highest oil producing onshore asset of ONGC with annual crude oil production of 2.35 MMT. Its having oil fields producing both heaviest crude and the lightest crude in India with API gravity ranging from 13ËÅ ¡ 42ËÅ ¡. Balol and Santhal fields form a part of this heavy oil belt with a API gravity 15ËÅ ¡-18ËÅ ¡. Balol and Santhal field encompass 22.17 MMT and 53.56 MMT of oil in place respectively. The crude is asphaltic in nature containing 6-8% asphaltene and the oil viscosity ranges from 50-450 cps at reservoir pressure of 100 kg/cm ² and 70ËÅ ¡ C temperature. Reservoirs have the permeability of the order of 3-8 darcies and are operating under active water drive. Subsequent Artificial lift methods resulted into high water production than oil. In many wells it became 95-100% and some wells had to be closed due to high water cut. The poor primary and secondary necessitated for In- Situ combustion technique in these fields. Exploitation of heavy oil from these heavy oil fields was a challenge for Mehsana asset. Based on results of laboratory studies, the In-situ combustion process was identified as the most suitable technique for enhancing the recovery from these fields. PILOT SCHEME A pilot test was designed and initiated in 5.5 acre area of southern part of Balol field in 1990-91. The first well CP#10 and thereafter Balol#171 were ignited with the help of foreign experts. The sustained combustion and production gain from nearby producers lead to conceptualization of the commercialization schemes in entire Balol field. In another attempt, a pilot scheme was also designed for Lanwa oil field and an inverted five slot pattern with four producer wells had been ignited in 1992. At present the commercialization of the scheme is in progress to enhance the production from the field. A pilot scheme is also running since 2002 in Bechraji field with four EOR injectors. COMMERCIAL SCHEMES Based on the techno-economic success of Balol Pilot project, commercial schemes were designed for entire Balol field for exploitation of heavy oil. Considering the similarities between the Balol and Santhal oil fields, this EOR technique has been implemented on a commercial scale in 1997 both at Balol and Santhal fields. Presently four commercial schemes viz. Balol Ph-1, Santhal Ph-1, Balol Main and Santhal Main are running successfully. Till date total 61 wells have been ignited in Balol and Santhal under these commercial schemes. More wells are in line for conversion into EOR injectors. For commercial exploitation of Balol and Santhal fields using In-situ combustion technique, four major air compressor plants, two, each in Balol and Santhal fields were set up. These plants supply compressed air to injector wells at reservoir conditions. Compressors except emergency air compressors at all the plants run on electricity. Combined installed capacity of these four plants is of compressing 4.9 NMm3/day air at maximum pressure of 123 Kg/cm2. Since water is required to be injected subsequently during wet phase, facilities for water treatment and injection are also installed in the respective plants. All these four plants are connected to each other with an integrated air grid network for better utilization of resources. A mobile unit called Ignition trailer is being used to initiate ignition process. Gas burners are used for artificial ignition in Mehsana. RESULTS After implementation of the technique, decline in production from Balol and Santhal fields was arrested. A number of wells have started flowing on self which were in artificial mode prior to in-situ combustion process. Production testing data of affected wells show the gradual increase in liquid production and decrease in water cut resulting increase in net oil production. Presently EOR gain from both the fields in the tune of 1200 TPD and air injection is in tune of 1.4MM Nm3/d. Production performance of these fields shows the gradual increase in oil production and decrease in W/C% with increasing number of injectors/air injection rate. It has not only given a new lease of life to Balol and Santhal fields but has also increased the oil recovery factor by 2-3 folds from 6-13% to 39-45%. OTHER HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROJECT ONGC is one of the few organizations in the world, which has taken up In-situ combustion process on such a large scale. Total 68 wells have been converted in EOR injectors at Mehsana Asset so far. Most of the EOR injectors are old producer wells. They have been converted to injector wells after proper washing and cleaning of wells. Ignition is being done in the reservoir at an average depth of 990 meters, having 100 Kg/cm2 pressure and 70 degree Celsius temperature. Present Air-Oil ratio in these fields is about 1160 Nm3/m3 and Air-Oil ratio on cumulative basis it stands at 985 Nm3/m3, which indicates quite good efficiency of ISC process. Figure : Production profiles of Santhal and Balol fields (Source) MAJOR ISSUES Occurrence of Auto-Ignition: In Mehsana Gas burner is being used for artificial ignition. In this method air is injected through the annulus and natural gas through tubing. An aluminum plug fitted at the tip of burner prevents air and gas to mix. The plug pops out when gas injection pressure is more than air injection pressure and forms gas-air mixture at the bottom. A pyrophoric chemical is being used to initiate the flame. At well no. Balol # A on 1998 the burner caught fire without lowering pyrophoric liquid. Burner temperature shot up to 910 degree Celsius and was soon controlled by ignition tem members. There was no damage to thermocouple and down-hole assembly in this well. After this incidence auto ignition occurred successively in another three wells. In last two wells Santhal #B and Balol # C, thermocouple got damaged. Ignition experts were unable to establish the reason and remedy for auto ignition. Due to this failure, ONGC had completely suspended all the ignition operations fearing further auto igni tion and damage to thermocouple. A close study of all four cases of auto ignition revealed that gas injection was used to be done at full discharge rate of gas compressor. Due to this sudden release of huge amount of gas, a very rich mixture of air and gas forms making situation vulnerable for auto ignition. To overcome this problem, ignition team came up with an idea to put a cushion of an inert gas in the tubing before starting gas injection. At the time of plug pop up, now this inert gas release first afterwards natural gas comes in contact with air. This cushion provide ample time between plug pop up and release of natural gas which facilitate in regulating the gas injection rate to prevent formation of unwanted combustible mixture. The whole idea was put up before the management which was promptly agreed and broke the dead lock of suspended ignitions. After adoption of this technique till date no case of auto ignition encountered. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF AIR COMPRESSOR Compression of air at high pressure is a costly affair because of huge consumption of electricity. To minimize this wastage of energy and for optimize the utilization of air compressors, it was thought to connect all the four plants with a common air grid. Subsequently the air grid was constructed using 6 and 4 dia pipelines as required. Now compressors are being run as per the total air requirement. By using this grid, on an average INR 2.0 Crores per month (USD 5.3 million per annum) are being saved as electricity charges. FAILURE OF AFTER COOLER OF AIR COMPRESSOR Running of large air compressor is difficult in India especially during summer due to high temperature. It may lead to explosion at compressed air piping due to accumulation of carryover lubricants and high discharge temperature. Two incidents of bursting of 3rd stage (Final stage) after coolers of HP compressor had taken place at a compressor plant of Santhal field. As a remedy synthetic lubricant has been introduced. Further regular chemical cleaning of the lines is being carried-out and monitoring of operational parameters has been intensified. OOZING OF AIR/FLUE GASES In Mehsana, mostly old wells were used for injection as well as for production. In some cases failure of casing or cementation have observed and has caused pressure built-up in outer casing and even in some cases oozing of gases/air from well site has also been observed. The remedies are 1) New additives for cementation (like thermal cements and calcium aluminates) have been introduced which help to withstand higher temperatures. 2) It is recommended to cement the casing to the full depth in case of new injector wells to prevent the risk of coming out of gas into overlying permeable layers. 3) It is suggested by IEOT (ONGC Institute) to have casing of API 5CT L-80 13 Cr steel in new injector wells and tubing in all wells. 4) New injector wells are being drilled to suit specially for in-situ combustion. 5) Regular monitoring of injection pressure, annulus pressure and outer casing pressure. Research Work Figure : showing the working model made in the laboratory The working model for the In situ combustion was made in laboratory. In this model Injection well and the production well is present on the left and right side respectively, gas injection at high pressure, igniter is taken as the kitchen lighter, test tube is made as an artificial reservoir and ignition zone near the artificial reservoir and also the temperature showing device at the bottom of the production well. This model can be compared to the real conditions with the help of the following diagram. Figure : In situ combustion process (source) There were many challenges during the modeling. These challenges were faced according to the need, economy and the factors available. For example reservoir simulation was not perfect, combustion zone was not able to be built exactly in the pores due to lack of oxygen supply. Hence I discover that this process is very economical as compared to other EOR processes but it is very risky as injection of gas should be done at correct place and ignition should be controlled then this process acts as magic recover the oil to 65%. I was successful in recovering the oil but the simulation problem was a main constraint of this working model as that requires a whole laboratory for its working. Hence according to my research heat loss should be minimum, combustion should be in controlled manner are the major challenges that should be overcome. And these can be overcome by calculating the area in which injection is to be done and what should be the ignition system use for ignition (whether a chemical can be used, artificial igniter at the combustion can be used or if the temperature of the bottom of the hole is very high that can give spontaneous ignition) should be preplanned according to the condition. The latest and important factor is the chemical injection to ignite the heavy crude oil, let us suppose the oil present there is very heavy oil that cannot be directly ignited; for that situation a chemical can be injected inside which will burn first and then increases the temperature of the respective zone to such an extent that the oil present there will ignite and the further process should start.

An Analysis Of The Culture Of An Organization

An Analysis Of The Culture Of An Organization Southwest Airlines is the pioneer in low-fare air transportation and one of the leading American airlines. In 2010, with a number of 106.2 million passengers carried, it was the USAs largest domestic carrier in terms of boarded passengers (Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation and IATA, 2011). Southwest was incorporated in Texas in 1967 and service started four years later, in 1971. Originally, the airline was only serving Texan cities but the company has progressively enlarged its service to other American states and cities. Until 2011, no international destinations were comprised in the airlines routes even though codeshare agreements permitted it to offer international flights operated by other airlines as stated by the Southwest media website, 2011. The acquisition of AirTran Airways by Southwest Airlines will allow it to serve some international destinations in Mexico and the Carribean. In 2010, the staff represented 34,901 persons and the company owned 548 aircrafts (Datamonitor, 2011). A PESTEL analysis of the global airline industry by Xerfi Global (2011) will allow us to understand that the macro environment stays exceptionally challenging. Here is a brief summary of the analysis: Positive effect Negative effect Politics Public support actions Political instabilities, conflicts, terrorism Economy Increasing demand for air transportation Oil and fuel price variations Sensitivity of demand to prices and economic variations Social Expanding world population Economic and social globalisation Seasonal demand Technology Aircraft efficiency enhancements Creation of new aircraft concepts make air travel even more attractive (e-commerce) Chronic delays in aircraft delivery Environment Unfavorable weather conditions Natural disasters, pandemics Environmental law to reduce emissions (carbon offsetting) Legislation International agreements in favour of liberalisation and globalisation Severe security and safety regulation High levels of taxation A market analysis of the global airline industry (Xerfi Global, 2011) reports several facts. First of all, politics have a high impact on the airline industry. It can be seriously influenced when it comes to growing taxes, stringent security norms or legislation defending the environment. All these constraints impact the finances and operations of airlines. However, governments offer regular financial support to assist airlines because of their significance for trade and tourism. Moreover, economic and social globalisation leads to market deregulation and thus enable the good development of the industry. The economic factor has also a high impact on flag-carriers. For example, in 2009 during the global economic crisis, all the industry was affected as stated by Xerfi Global, 2011. Consumers were less likely to travel because of the variations of diverse economic factors like employment as well as income level or more generally global trade. As a result, the air traffic was highly and rapidly contracted. Regardless of these issues, demand for air transportation is increasing due to the growing demand in emerging markets (Aviation Industry, 2009). The constant technical progress of the airline industry by the development of plane with high capacity, asking a reduced maintenance and a reasonable consumption made accessible this type of transportation to several hundreds of million persons. Nowadays, it is cheaper to travel by plane thanks to the technologys fast improvements and to a more active competition. The costs are significantly reduced and thus allow more people to use air transportation. After using a PESTEL analysis, it is now necessary to get a closer look on the internal factors. Here is a SWOT analysis of the Southwest airline retrieved from a report made by Datamonitor (2011): Strengths Weaknesses Firm operating strategy Robust fleet operations Increasing cash flow from operations Class action lawsuits Dependent on single aircraft and engine suppliers Opportunities Threats Poised to benefit from the acquisition of AirTran Holdings Positive outlook for tourism industry in the US Growing US airline industry Intense competition Increasing fuel prices could strain margins Stringent government regulation could increase operating costs Table : SWOT Analysis of SWA Datamonitor 2011 Focus of the report : practice Companies, following the example of the individuals, possess their own culture. Generally, in a company managed by its owner, the culture corresponds appreciably to the personal culture of this one. As reported by Kotter and Heskett (1992), company with a strong corporate culture is due to the founder or the early leader and his capacity to articulate ideas as a vision or business strategy. In big organizations, several cultures mix. Sometimes they can be incompatible because of the diverse personalities who compose the management team. Besides, the experiences and the society can also influence (in a positive or negative way) the corporate culture, sometimes even without the managers knowing. In every type of organization, a deficient culture risks to have a demotivating effect on the staff and to be source of dissatisfaction to the clientele two factors which have a significant incidence on the profitability of the company. Organizational culture is defined as: a pattern of basic assumptions that a group has invented, discovered or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, and that have worked well enough to be considered valid,and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems (Schein, 1990, p. 111). Southwest Airlines is a perfect example in terms of corporate culture. Over the years, the company has imposed a strong and original culture that has always made the airline even stronger. Today, SouthWest Airlines confirms its corporate culture centred on a relation privileged with its employees and its clientele by diversifying the means to communicate with this one through various social networks in which the company answers present and invites its employees to participate. This report will focus on the fact that Southwest airline focuses its attention on its employees. For example, in 2001, Southwest Airlines had already thwarted the effects of the recession by putting in the foreground its employees. The company chooses to draw from its financial reserves and to emphasize the advertising to consolidate its positioning as a low cost airline in order to avoid the lay-off. The creed of SWA is perfectly organized: Treat your employees well, theyll treat your customers well, the cust omers will become loyal, and your company will prosper. (James Parker, former CEO of SWA) CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW THEORY Theorical framework used and reasons it was choosen Schein (1992) emphasizes the importance to realize a cultural analysis in order to succeed an effective management which can transcend the national and ethical frontiers. He asserts that this analysis represents a key factor of success for the leaders, who are the persons in charge for creating, administering, changing and even destroying an organizational culture. Schein (1992) has defined three basic levels of a culture which help to realise such an analysis: The first level establishes the surface of a culture and consists of artefacts, which are defines as visible organizational structure and process (Schein, 1992). Artefacts are explicit either material demonstrations of a culture, such as the physical structure of a company (the architecture, the size of offices, presence or absence of barriers between offices, etc.), the dress code of employees, the visible behaviour of the persons, the rites or ceremonies, published lists on the values and the philosophy of the company, etc. The meanings of these artefacts are only known by people from inside the company, and are thus difficult to understand for an external observer. In the same spirit, Trompenaars declares that stereotypes are formed in this superficial level:  « prejudices mostly start on this symbolic and observable level [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] each opinion we voice regarding explicit culture usually says more about where we come from than about the community we are judging  » (19 98). The second level of a culture is constituted by explicit values espoused values as stated by Argyris and Shon (1978) (as cited in Schein,1992). It includes values and faiths put together by a group of persons. However, these can be simply affirmations because there are uttered values which are not put into practice in all the situations confronted by an individual. For example, the managers of a company can affirm that one of their main values is the environmental protection, while in reality, the company pollutes in secret the environment. In that case, the assertion of a value does not condition the behaviour of the managers. Trompenaars explains that this type of behaviour is a result of a contradiction between the standards and the values: while the norms, consciously or subconsciously give us a feeling of this is how i aspire or desire to behave (Trompenaars, 1997). Nevertheless, Schein has identified a third level of culture, in which the explicit values become internal values, which will determine the behaviour of the group which shares them. This third level is the formation of basic underlying assumptions. The process by which a shared value is transformed in one basic assumption is introduced by the leader / founder of a certain group. For example the leader of a group can propose a solution to a common issue (based on one of its values or even on a faith). Then, the validity of this proposal will be questioned and debated between the members of the group. The proposal will thus be tested several times in order to evaluate it. Finally, if this solution works in a repetitive way, the value which is behind will be approved as correct and by consequent it will be considered as an absolute value and unconsciously it will be assimilated as shared basic assumption , anchored in all the members of the groups minds. These shared basic assumption constitute one of the foundations of the meanings which the group shares in an implicit way and which give a context of interpretation common to the group. The model of Schein goes farther than the model of Hofstede which presents the culture (including the organizational culture) as an onion onion diagram , with the values in the centre, encircled by layers of demonstrations or practices of the culture, defines as the symbols, the heroes or the rites. According to the model of Schein, the symbols, the heroes and the rites are all categorised as artefacts, and the basic assumptions are at the heart of the model, with the explicit values between both levels. Scheins organizational theory will be the most useful framework to study this particular practice within Southwest Airlines. The company is well-known for its strong corporate culture. Since its creation, the company has shown undeniable success even during the economic crisis. Beside this important fact, SouthWest Airline is also good for its employees and they do not hesitate to say it: the company has been ranked second best place to work for in America in 2011 (Glassdoor, 2011). Therefore, it would be interesting to understand how such a successful company managed to go through the years without losing any of its qualities. That is why a deep analysis of the companys corporate culture will be done using the Schein model. CHAPTER 3 ANALYZE OF THE PRACTICE OF SWA Applying the chosen theory This part of the report will be dedicated to an analysis of the employee-focused practice of Southwest Airlines through the Schein model. Schein organizational culture level is obvious in the case of Southwest Airlines. At the first level, culture is visible to those who are inside the organization and outsiders through organizational artifacts. It is the most visible and accessible level of culture. These are employeess behavior, logos of the company or slogans such as Just Plane Smart (Southwest Airlines, 1992). Kelleher states: We were always very colorful and somewhat promotive of a sense of humor. We have always had that approach, in an informal way (Organizational Dynamics, 1992). Each person who travels using a Southwest flight will pay attention to the attitude of the Southwest employees. They characteristically are the friendliest, most willing to help employees of any airline. Southwest chooses its employees based on their social skills and their ability to be sociable and outgoing. Personnel at Southwest must be happy to work and communicate with customers. That is why Southwest gives its employees the freedom to use any talents or skills they may have in order to entertain and serve the customers as long as they make them happy. This is one of the factor that contribute to Southwests excellent customer service. There are many examples that prove the fact that employees can act freely. For instance, flight attendants might sing or tell jokes during the flight. In 2009, David Holmes became the most famous rapping flight attendant and his performance became viral on YouTube (Southwests Rapping Flight Attendant on Freestyle and Flying to Vegas, 2009). This is one of the numerous example that demonstrate that on Southwests flights, flight attendants do not only serve customers by demonstrating seatbelts and serving food and drinks. The middle level of a culture includes values and norms put together by a group of persons. Southwest has two main values: humour and altruism. They are defined by different beliefs of the company such as the importance of focusing on the situation, issue or behaviour rather than focusing on the person. It means that a solution must be found instead of judging others. Also, employees need to be creative and cooperative. It is really important to maintain the self-confidence and self-esteem of others. That is why employees have to respect all the different personalities in order to create one big family. The company also insists on the importance of constructive relationships between employees. The success of the company depends on a good teamwork. Moreover, people in Southwest have the duty to make improvements in order to make things better within the company. A LUV attitude is always required and everyone should behave in consideration of the companys spirit but also in considerati on of others. The Golden Rule is Treat others as you want to be treated (The Power of LUV: An Inside Peek at the Innovative Culture Committee of Southwest Airlines, 2008). Here are the values as stated by Kelleher (as cited by Organizational Dynamics, 1992): VALUE 1: Work should be funit can be playenjoy it. VALUE 2: Work is importantdont spoil it with seriousness. VALUE 3: People are importanteach one makes a difference. A perfect example of Southwests corporate story that helps employees understand how they should behave in a particular situation could be the early years of the company. The first nine years was the toughest part of the companys life. As stated by Lusk on the companys blog, tradition here at Southwest Airlines that anyone hired during our first year of operation is considered an Original Employee. In 2010, eleven of the Original Employees are still working at Southwest. Seven of them were on Southwests first flight as flight attendants; one works as a manager in flight operations, another is a member of Southwests ground crew, one is a dispatcher, and the last one works in maintenance (Lauer, 2010). On special occasions, Southwest invites the Originals to come in to Southwests headquarters and talk about their experiences to current employees. Lauer (2010) indicates that the Originals tell current employees about the struggles of a new airline working hard to develop. They also explain how the company managed to advertise without any money in the beginning. The flights attendants had to be creative because the company had no money to spend on adverti sing. They would go down to the streets of Dallas, Houston and San Antonio wearing their uniform and distribute flight schedules for the airlines four flights to everyone they met. This type of storytelling preserves the history of Southwest, while also connecting the companys early corporate culture to the lives of the actual and future employees. Furthermore, corporate rituals are recurring sequence of activities that express significant values of the company. There is one ritual for what Southwest is famous for: its Halloween party. Every year Southwest Airlines hosts a enormous Halloween bash at its Dallas headquarters (Southwest LUVs Halloween, 2012). Herb Kelleher passed on his love of Halloween and made it become a tradition at Southwest Airlines. Once, the former CEO showed up dressed as Elvis driving a Harley-Davidson (Lauer, 2010). Once Kelleher retired in 2004, his successor Gary Kelly proved his undeniable belief in and support of preserving the unique corporate culture of Southwest by dressing up on Halloween as Captain Jack Sparrow from the film The Pirates of the Caribbean. And he has been celebrating Halloween every year since then. Halloween party shows that having fun in the working environment is an essential value of the company. The third and deepest level is called basic assumption level. At this stage, the transmission of culture is done unconsciously or under the surface. As stated by Hill and Jones (2001), basic assumptions help to formulate organizational values and these become shared assumptions that guide how employees interact with each other. Overtime and through socialization, the values are conveyed to and taught to new members of the organization as the right way to do things. Southwest employs two tools to socialize its values to new employees. They are both parts of the culture committee maintained by the company (Rebuilding the Social Contract at Work: Lessons from Leading Cases, 1999). The first tool used by Southwest is the New City committee. The purpose of this committee is to go to each new city Southwest serves so as to teach new employees about the values of the company. It facilitates the adaptation of the new employees to Southwests culture, so they can learn the Southwests ways of doing things. The second tool is called Back to Basics team. This committee sponsored an essay competition to describe what makes Southwest successful. The team chose a series of essays that were integrated into a book with an accompanying video that is given to every new employee. One important thing is that people of these comm ittees are all volunteers working on their own time. CONCLUSION This report allowed to understand the impact of a strong corporate culture and its relation to company performance. The case of Southwest airlines shows a company with a solid commitment to its employees. The company offers the same respect to its employees as it does to its customers. The mission of Southwest airlines is unique in the fact that it recognizes the importance of its employees in the companys strategy, which puts the emphasis on the great customer service and the operational efficiency. In return, the employees show undeniable respect, loyalty and trust. The exact same qualities that Southwest airlines demonstrates. Employees of the Southwest are known for their loyalty, the dedication, the attitude and the innovation. Employees are the factor of distinction between Southwest airlines and the rest of the airline industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hill, C.W.L and Jones, G.R. (2001) Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Boston MA, Houghton Mifflin Kotter, J. Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. New York, NY: the Free press. Lauer, C. (2010). Southwest Airlines. Greenwood Schein E. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. (2nd ed) .Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Trompenaars, F. Hampden-Turner, C. (1997) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business (Second Edition) London: McGraw-Hill.

Ancient Celtic Mythology: A Vision of Gods and Goddesses :: Religion

Ancient Celtic Mythology: A Vision of Gods and Goddesses Upon investigating the supernatural reality that the Celts endured, it is necessary to somewhat overlook the myths to see what lies behind them. It is essential to find when and from where the myths originated and how true the storytellers, or narrators, really are. The Celtic gods and goddesses, in such an early mythological time defined as a period when beings lived or events happened such as one no longer sees in our days (Sjoestedt 1994: 2), require much analysis. A diverse collection of documents, literature and archaeology pave the way to our understanding of the ancient mythology of the Celts. However, these traces lack a sense of closure, leaving the investigation into the nature of these gods and goddesses raw and incomplete. The evidence of the Celtic deities exists in various forms, but the information that we have collected leaves unanswered questions. For instance, in analysing the recorded documents left behind by the Greeks and Romans, we are called to cast some doubt on how closely the Celtic religious rites paralleled those of their classical neighbours. We survey recorded religious practices with apprehension, as we are not truly sure that the Celts too worshipped family gods and a mass of deities who covered all aspects of life.1 How do we know that we are not just reading materials reflecting the Graeco-Roman myths? Is it not plausible that these Greek and Roman writers installed some bias, leaning towards their mythological ideas, within their testimony? The speculation surrounding all of the varied pieces of evidence is just. From the abundance of evidence, though, we can be sure that the Celts believed in a multiplicity of deities. It is apparent that the existence of gods and goddesses in Celtic society was quite a serious affair and an everyday business. However, when focusing on the exact nature of such gods and goddesses, it seems only fair to attempt to construct an overview of the character of each deity. Reconstructing the evidence might be too hopeful because the conclusions would come from mere ignorance and be partially based on what we still do not know. From here we can only address the different types of evidence that piece together the very nature of the Celtic gods and goddesses, but the mixed and slightly unreliable evidence is certainly not easy to sort. The literary evidence for the existence of deities in Celtic religion is one source that reveals the character of the individual gods and goddesses.

Puerto Rico :: essays research papers

Identity Crisis The effect of colonialism on a colonized people can often result in a situation better known to us today as an â€Å"identity crisis.† Studying the history of Puerto Rico under Spanish rule helps us to identify the problems found within modern notions of Puerto Rican identity. Such notions of national identity stem from the belief that Puerto Rico is a "self-defined community of people who share a sense of solidarity based on a belief in a common heritage and who claim political rights that may include self-determination" (Morris 12). However, such modern notions of solidarity contradict the fact that by 1898 Puerto Rican society was characterized by great racial and class differences. As claimed by Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez in his Puerto Rico: The Four Storeyed Country, these differences made "Puerto Rico [†¦] a country so divided racially, socially, economically and culturally that it should be described as two countries rather than one" (Gonzalez14). The rise and fall of the international sugar market, and the subsequent ascendancy of the coffee market in the Puerto Rican economy, helped to create the "foreign elements" within Puerto Rico that make modern views of Puerto Rican identity extremely problematic. The study and use of history has played an important role in helping to construct the concept of Puerto Rican national heritage. Francisco Scarano, in his Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico, 1815-1949: An Overview, asserts that notions of Puerto Rican national heritage have been portrayed as being an "anomalous case" within the Americas. He writes that many historians have claimed that Puerto Rico had an "economy and society which developed an advanced sugar industry during times of fairly open Atlantic slave trade, yet did not rely to any significant degree on the labor of African slaves" (Scarano 25). This suggests that the racial "heritage" of Puerto Ricans is not predominately black, and therefore, other races must have attributed to this hybridity, as well. Moreover, it also suggests that because forced slavery was not widely practiced on the island, a notion of solidarity could have existed amongst the Puerto Rican people during the 19th Century. How ever, could this example also serve as a precedent for modern uses of history to reinforce perceptions of national identity? Unfortunately, the details surrounding the island’s social and economic structure at that particular time prevent its history from serving as a model for national unity. In the 1840s, sugar became very important in the international market. Puerto Rico :: essays research papers Identity Crisis The effect of colonialism on a colonized people can often result in a situation better known to us today as an â€Å"identity crisis.† Studying the history of Puerto Rico under Spanish rule helps us to identify the problems found within modern notions of Puerto Rican identity. Such notions of national identity stem from the belief that Puerto Rico is a "self-defined community of people who share a sense of solidarity based on a belief in a common heritage and who claim political rights that may include self-determination" (Morris 12). However, such modern notions of solidarity contradict the fact that by 1898 Puerto Rican society was characterized by great racial and class differences. As claimed by Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez in his Puerto Rico: The Four Storeyed Country, these differences made "Puerto Rico [†¦] a country so divided racially, socially, economically and culturally that it should be described as two countries rather than one" (Gonzalez14). The rise and fall of the international sugar market, and the subsequent ascendancy of the coffee market in the Puerto Rican economy, helped to create the "foreign elements" within Puerto Rico that make modern views of Puerto Rican identity extremely problematic. The study and use of history has played an important role in helping to construct the concept of Puerto Rican national heritage. Francisco Scarano, in his Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico, 1815-1949: An Overview, asserts that notions of Puerto Rican national heritage have been portrayed as being an "anomalous case" within the Americas. He writes that many historians have claimed that Puerto Rico had an "economy and society which developed an advanced sugar industry during times of fairly open Atlantic slave trade, yet did not rely to any significant degree on the labor of African slaves" (Scarano 25). This suggests that the racial "heritage" of Puerto Ricans is not predominately black, and therefore, other races must have attributed to this hybridity, as well. Moreover, it also suggests that because forced slavery was not widely practiced on the island, a notion of solidarity could have existed amongst the Puerto Rican people during the 19th Century. How ever, could this example also serve as a precedent for modern uses of history to reinforce perceptions of national identity? Unfortunately, the details surrounding the island’s social and economic structure at that particular time prevent its history from serving as a model for national unity. In the 1840s, sugar became very important in the international market.

Code of Conduct Essay

As a consultant for the merger between UWEAR and PALEDENIM, I have gathered much information pertaining the creating and implementation of a code of conduct. There are many different ways this code of conduct can be implemented and delivered. While understanding that each company will have different preferences as to how to implement the code, I will submit an outline of what I believe is the best and most efficient way to deliver the code of conduct for both companies equally. A code of conduct will create a framework or visual of how employees and clients will view the company as a whole. â€Å"The existence of the codes seem to frame how the companies and their activities are understood.† (Frostenson, Helin, & Sandstrà ¶m, 2012, p. 269) The code of conduct for UWEAR and PALEDENIM will include four main components: Our Code and Responsibility, Violations and Consequences, Law Compliances and Regulatory Orders, and Policies and Procedures. Our Code and Responsibilities This would be the first section of the code of conduct. It should include the overview of the code, the responsibilities the code provides to the company, and those persons who must abide by the code. The responsibilities of the code are to serve as a guide to help employees, officers, and board members in making informed and ethical decisions. All persons including third parties, business partners, and contractors must know and understand the code and act in a way that is consistent with the code. Violations and Consequences Violations and consequences will be listed in this section, but will not be limited to the written communications here. Employees will be encouraged to know and understand each violation listed and its consequences. They will also be expected to report any observed accounts of unethical behavior. Consequences would include but wouldn’t be limited to separation of employment. Law Compliances and Regulatory Orders The information listed here would be mostly useful to management and executive level officers. However, employees must maintain knowledge and  understanding of this section in order to remain compliant at the door level. All federal regulations will be stated in this portion of the code of conduct. For example, the policy created to implement the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to monitor internal auditing policies would be stated in this section. Here is where the human resources department will verify the company’s compliances with federal regulatory acts such as the Sarbanes- Oxley Act. Policies and Procedures The policies and procedures section will include all policies that employees, managers, and board members must follow. There will be sections to separate the policies that apply to each individual level. Although board members and managers are ranked higher than door level employees, they must still abide by the policies and procedures of the lower level employees. For example, the No Gift policy as stated in previous works, will be listed under a section for door level employees but must still be followed by all employees of the company. This will guarantee a fair level of work and maintain employee moral as far as ethics and behaviors are concerned. Consistency across the board for all employees and work levels, is the goal in stating the policies and procedures. Non-compliance to policies and procedures will be stated in the violations and consequences section. After the code of conduct is fully compiled and voted on by the ethics board, it must be delivered. Although having a creative way to present the code of conduct to the company, it is more important to understand the client and their expectations. Preparation as a speaker would be my main focus in delivering the code. â€Å"As much as technology has advanced and improved the quality of audiovisuals aids in presentations, it is important to review the basics of being a better speaker.† (Lucente-Cole, 2004, p. 42) Preparing myself to deliver the code of conduct in a way that generates feedback from the audience, will allow me to verify understanding and knowledge of the code. The code would be delivered in a new employee handbook and reviewed in all new hire orientations. Each new hire would be required to sign for receipt and understanding of the communications in the code of conduct. As for existing employees, they will review and sign for receipt during the next quarterly mee ting. There are other additional policies that haven’t been listed or discussed but should definitely be included. One of the most common policies that hasn’t been established is attendance. The attendance policy would be carried out or listed in different stages. For example, if an employee is tardy, there would be a verbal counseling to address stage one of the tardy policy in attendance. If that employee is tardy again, they will be disciplined according to stage two of the attendance policy. Disciplinary actions can be reduced or removed from an employees record after that employee exemplifies compliance with the policy for six months. Last but certainly not least, UWEAR and PALEDENIM should have a policy addressing sexual harassment. Sexual harassment occurs very often in the workplace. UWEAR and PALEDENIM must state explicitly, the expectations and consequences of sexual harassment. â€Å"Harassment does not have to be of a sexual nature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a person’s sex. For example, it is illegal to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general.† (Sexual Harassment, n.d., para. 2) They, UWEAR and PALEDENIM, must make sure each employee understands what could be considered as sexual harassment in order to maintain compliance to this policy. Due to the fact that major lawsuits can be created from an occurrence of sexual harassment, this policy will be listed under Law Regulations and it must be strongly enforced. References Frostenson, M., Helin, S., & Sandstrà ¶m, J. (2012). The internal significance of codes of conduct in retail companies. Business Ethics: A European Review, 21(3), 263-275. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8608.2012.01657.x Lucente-Cole, G. (2004). Delivering An Effective Presentation. Public Relations Quarterly, 49(4), 42. Sexual Harassment. (n.d.). Retrieved September 22, 2014, from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm

Short Message Service

My sMs tReAsuRe Acknowledgement This book is a combined efforts of a lot of people & also things. First & foremost I would like to thank my dearest parents, & then my friends (because all the sMs here are forwarded by them only, so I think they should be thanked first ! ) & then there are some of my relatives too who have sent me messages & then if I continue I would certainly won’t have enough money to publish rest of my book. Also secondly I would thank my whole skeleton that includes all my body parts (especially my hands) who co-operated me a lot while doing these activities.Lastly there is someone or rather something which is the most important i. e. my laptop & cellphone without which I wouldn’t even have dreamed of issuing such a book. (page 1 end) Information I need to tell that those sMs here are obviously not composed by those whose name is written under it, but those are the ones who have sent me these messages & hence I have writt en their names below it. The so-called title of â€Å"author† is not suitable to this book for me as I myself have not composed these messages so I would love it if I m rather being called a Typist.Well, the Typist is studying in High School & is a great fan of sMs (hope this much information about typist is enough for formality! ). Now I would ask u to leave these boring jobs & get refreshed with some mixed sMs as this book is not about any specific type of sMs. Please check out this book & to send me your thoughts, just close your eyes & smile once with full of happiness, your thoughts will reach me no matter wherever you are . (page 2 end) Dedicated to the someone special whom my heart belongs, that is YOU * (at the bottom)* Hey that’s totally a mere joke if u belong to the MALE religion ! page 3 end) Everyone is going to hurt u sooner or later †¦. U just have to realize what is worth †¦. The person or the pain . – Shilpa Vahini Frie nds ! Who are they ? The one who holds u r hand in a crowd, which is against u & says â€Å"tu tension mat le yaar apan sab sambhal lenge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The one who taps u r back when u r wrong & says â€Å"I Know it aise gaphle bas tu hi kar sakta hain! † The one who does everything for u but then refuses to take thanks . †abe ye formality ka natak mat kar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The one who msgs u saying â€Å"abe reply toh kar†The one who makes u smile & stops u r tears & starts crying him/her –self â€Å"Ankh main bhi abhi hi kachra girna tha aur tu band kar apna ye radio† Send this to all u r friends, even to those who are not in touch or who are far away from u †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. -Deepika U hv 20 mins to tell u r friends that u love them otherwise this month will be u r worst mont , so â€Å"I LOVE U Friendsss† Tyms running send it fast †¦& reply me also if I am†¦. -Deepika Ek bacha door bell bajane ki koshish kar raha tha . Ek buzurg admi ne dekha, to jakar bell baajayi aur bola – Aur kuch beta ?Bacha – Aur kya ab bhag ! -Priyanka Nice Lines â€Å"Even the most powerful person is weaker in front of the most Happiest person in the world † †¦.. So be happy Foreevvveerrr†¦.. –Shilpa Vahini Awesome msg – â€Å"Start working to fulfill u your dreams , or else sum day sum1 will put u in work to fulfill their dream ! † – Deepika Success formiula to learn from water : Adjust u rself in every situation &in any shape & most importantly always find out u r own way . Deepika Amazing but true : â€Å"There may be more than 8. 5 billion people in this world †¦.. but , sumtimes u just need ONE :D† -Deepika A true fact : If everyone is happy with u , then surely u have made a lot of compromises in u r life †¦!!! -Deepika Life can be happier & stressless if we remember just one simple thought : â€Å"We cant have all that we desire , but God will give us all that we deserve. † –Deepika Few true line of lyf †¦. gt; Ur fav song will say more abt u , than u r mouth ever will†¦ > d day u learn hw not to cry is d day u learn to hate & ignore†¦ > u no u had fun when u cant tell u parents what u did†¦. >a friend is sum 1 u tell u r stories to .. abest friend is sum1 who is in all those stories !!! – Deepika Talk more with sum1 who makes u happy †¦ but, try to talk at least a few minutes with sum1 who cant be happy without u & feel the difference †¦ -Yash S. A mind can forget many things but true heart never forgets anything .So try to forget sum hearts which will never forget u for rest of its life†¦. –Yash S. Straight Insult- Husband : ye kaisa khana banaya hain tumne bilkul gobar jaisa . Wife : he bhagwan !! Is admi ne to har chiz chakh rakhi hain !!!! -Ninad Ek kaam kar yaar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tu na Is msg ko delete kar de isme kuch nahi hain †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ -Priyanka Thought for the day: â€Å"Never underestimate anyone† An ant might be small but it can bite u r bum can u bite its bum just imagine -Priyanka Do u know which is d best part of life ? When u r family understands like u r friend & u r friends understand u like a family ! – Shilpa Vahini I want to live ling life ! Not in d world ! Just in u r heart as a bst friend †¦ -Sushmit Alset RAat ko chupke se ati hain pari, Kuch khushiyon ke sapne lati hain pari , kehti hain sapne kea gosh main kho jaon , bhul ke saare gum chup chap so jao .. Sushmit Alset Dil todne walo ko saza kyun nahi har kisi ko pyar ki dua kyun nahi ? Log kehte hain ishq to ek bimari hain phir medical store main uski dawa kyun nahi –Sushmit Alset DOOB maro nikammo ( – _ – ) ( – _ – ) / I I / )( / )( Shoab ne saniya jaisi ko phasa liya aur tumse abhi tak mohalle walli nahi pati †¦.. – S ushmit Alset Aaj newspaper main padha ki dosto k isms karne se dil ki bimari ho sakti hain to aaj se band †¦kya sms ? . . . . . . . are nahi newspaper band.. DOSTI ZINDABAD. –Maitrayee Thirsty crow story in hinglish.. nce upon kagla, sitting on a dagla, he was very pyasa, here n there bhatka then saw a matka sum stones patka little water gatka n satka . –Maitrayee Kahte hain achcha dost maths ke zero jaisa hota hain jiski waise toh koi kimat nahi hoti par who jiske sath jud jaye uski kimat 10 guna badh jati hain . –Maitrayee 10 mins talk with an intelligent person is equal to read general knowledge books for whole day, so don’t hesitate 2 talk to a genius person. –Maitrayee 3 things dat should not be asked 1. A mans Wage 2. A womans Age 3. A students percentage . It hurts . –Yash S.Student – Give me sum extra time Give me sum brain give me another chance to write my paper once again . Examineer – nanananananananan.  œMaitrayee New films released in theatres after xams . 1. Tension aaj kal 2. Pack up sid 3. Wanted 40 4, Ajab syllabus ka ghazab paper 5. Marks mile 6. Three failures -Maitrayee Anytime any prob any help just give me only missed call . I will immediately . . . . . . â€Å"give u another miss call. † -Maitrayee Hum Indians – barish mili toh bhigna shuru, aarat mili toh nachna shuru aur sms mila reply chodkar . . . forward karna shuru. – Maitrayee 3 days, 74 hours, 4320 minutes 25920 seconds pehle apko Happy Friendship Day in advance. –Shilpa Vahini Santa 1st time plane main baitha jaise hi plane agla tyre upar utha santa pilot ko marne laga aur bola â€Å"sale main pehle hi dara hua huin aur tum stunt mar raha hain !! † – Maitrayee A 5yr boy asked his friend what is friendship? He replied friendship is when u rob my chocolates everyday from my bag I still keep it in same place. Sushmit Alset 1 night I woke from my dream n saw my books were si nging guess which song . . . . â€Å"zara zara touch me touch me touch me zara zara hold me hold me† -Maitrayee If u get my sms I m good , if u save my sms u agree I m good if u forward my sms u r spreading I m good , if u delete my sms u r jealous bcoz I m too good. –Maitrayee Identification of student 1. Books in bag – bihar 2. Books in hand – delhi 3. Rolled books in jeans – Mumbai 4. No books no tension bt mobile in hands – Nagpur we rock. –Sushmit AlsetHum jabhi apki duniya se jayenge itni khushiyon aur pyar de jayenge ki jabhi yaad karoge is pagal ko hasti akhon se bhi asuun nikal ayenge . –Sushmit Bell has no sound till sum1 rings it. Songs has no tune until sum1 sings it so never hide u r feelings bcoz it has no value till sum1 feels it . – Shilpa Vahini Attitude rocks : maa bete se : uth jaan kambakht dekh suraj kab ka nikal aya hain beta : to kya hua amma who sota bhi toh mujhse pehle hain na ! -Sushmit Durin g a war enemy soldier captures some women n says I want revenge , I will rape all of u . Young lady – plzz leave r grandma Grandma – . . Shut up ! War is war !!!! –Sushmit What is gaali ? krodh ke samay much se nikle ashudh shabd athwa shabdon ka samuha jinke ucharan ke paschat wyakti ka hriday ko shanti ka anubhav hota hain . –Sushmit On a ship a CA,Enginner, Doctor were sailing . Suddenly devil appeared n said drop anything of u r choice n if I find it I will eat u n if I wont I will be u r servant . CA dropped a pen, devil found it n ate him. Doctor dropped needle devil found that also n ate him. Engg opened a water bottle n poured sum water†¦!! -SushmitSon: Ma kya gandhiji mar gaye Mom :ha beta Son : Nehru Mom: wo bSon : desh me achche log nahi hain kya? Mom : aisa mat bol beta â€Å"whomsoever† zinda hain †¦. –Sushmit I said â€Å"I m the sweetest person in the world † GOD laughed 7 said wait u have not met the person r eading this sms . . . . . Moral : Even GOD can crack jokes ! –Sushmit Kisi ka hath thamkar chodna nahi wada kisise karke todna nahi koi agar tod de dil aapka toh bina hath pair tode chodna nahi . –Sushmit Zindagi sukh dukh ki paheli hain sukh main toh sabhi pyar karte hain par jo dukh main pyar kare wahi sachcha pyar won a mile toh rona mat aur mile toh khona mat . –Sushmit My eyes- miss u , my feelings – luv u , ands- need u , mind – call u , heart- just for u I love u I really u . . . . . . . Aisa boli Juliet Romeo ko . –Sushmit Shayri – tere pyar ke saye main mujhe aisa pyasa banaya wah wah tere pyar ke sayein ne mujhe aisa pyasa banaya tu ek minute ruk, main paani pike aya. –Sushmit Once I was in love n she broke my heart in to several pieces, . . . . . . . now I m loving different girls with different pieces !!!! -Sushmit Hey sms go slowly if friend is in sleep just return back to me †¦ therwise u go without making n oise near her ears n slowly say good night !!! -Sushmit Lobz na nikle phirbhi awaz hoti hain kuch lamhe ki baat bahut khaas hoti hain ap chahe mane ya na mane, lekin apki yaad hamesha dil ke pass hoti hain . –Sushmit Agar koi dost nahi toh life is jail . Agar bure dost ho to nothing is well . Agar dost apke jaisa ho toh all izz well . -Sushmit Good morning life has no pause button. Dreams have no expiry date . dates has no holidays . so enjoy each n every day in happy way n keep smiling. Sushmit Sum idiot says â€Å"Behind every successful man, der is a woman†, but nobody knows the fact – â€Å"women choose only successful men† -Sushmit Customer – kaka dettol saban ahe ? Dukandar (dhungan khajwat) ho ahe na Customer – tar kutrya tyani hath dhun ani ek kilo sakhar de. -Sushmit Pagal khane main sare pagal dance kar rahe the par 2 pagal ekdum khamosh baithe the , doctor ne socha ki who thik ho gaye he, So doc asked y r u not dancing? de replied – hum dulha dulhan hain †¦.. ( e ‘’ : ( ( e ( ) ‘’ : ( ( ) ( ) ——– ‘’ : ( () ——–Mobile ko right hand side se dekhiye hum apko kitna miss kar rahe hain . –Sushmit Sweetest kiss – on head Loveliest kiss – on cheek Most romantic kiss – on lips & the hottest kiss . . . . On bike’s silencer !!! Just try it †¦ Darr ke age jeet hain ! -Sushmit Boyfriend & girlfriend r like 2 tyres of a vehicle, even if 1 punctures, The vehicle cant move further, So be intelligent & always keep a . . . . STEPNE !!! -Sushmit [email  protected]@ , , @@. @ Frnds @ @ Day @ @ @ @ Pass this â€Å"HEART† to all u r friends including me . If 3 come back u ‘ll get a big surprise on Friendship Day †¦! -SushmitNEW ADD OF FAIR & LOVELY†¦. Maa – Kamini, kaha thi itni raat tak ? Beti – Boyfriend ke saath †¦ Maa – kar ayi n a mu kala ? Beti – Toh kya hua maa, FAIR & LOVELY hain na†¦.! –Ninad Ek pyara sa sawal : Agar apko naya janam milo to aap mujhe kis rishte main pana chahoge ? Apka janam is janam ke rishte ko chodkar hona chahiye †¦. Plzz reply .. Waiting eagerly for u r reply †¦ -Sushmit Ek sher arj kiya hain – â€Å"Chand par hain light, Bole to honewali hi night, To band karne ka tubelight, aur so jaane ka keeping quite. Bole to GOOD NIGHT† -Sushmit HI How r u ? I WISH U %——-Happy——–% %’’’’’Friendship’’’’’’’% †Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Day†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ % Dekhi meri yaari kitne pehle baazi mari †¦.. Miss u †¦ -Sushmit A for Apple B for Bada Apple C for Chota Apple D for Doosra Apple E for Ek Apple F for Faltu Apple . . . . . . . Z for Zopa Ata .. Sampla †¦.!! -Sushmit Je jodel ten ate, ji julete ti savay, ji asate ti odh, je wadhate te prem, jo sampto to sahwas, ani ji nirantar rahte ti maitre. Happy Friendship Day in advance. -Sushmit If u get a chance to gift me sumthing from the things which u hv then what will u gift me n y ? reply fast†¦. I m eagerly waiting!! -Sushmit Lamha lamha waqt guzar jayega, bas ek din baad , Friendship day a jayenga,Abhi se hamari wishes le lo nahi toh network busy ho jayenga.. HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY . –Sushmit Ye 5 naam 7 logo ko bhejo aur believe me apki sabse badi prob hal ho jayengi – JAY SHRI RAM JAY SHRIKRISHNA JAY MATA DI JAY MAHA KALI JAY PAVANSUT HANUMAN Don’t delete it Azma ke dekh lo†¦ -Sushmit Thank u for touching my life in ways u never know. My riches don’t lie in material wealth but in having friend like u as precious gift . So, HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. –Kartik In life friendship is never planned, nor does it happen for any reason†¦ But when friendship is rea l It becomes a plan for u r life & a reason for living . Happy Friendship Day . Shilpa Vahini Life is so much unfair! First gives us so much time to live together & to know each other & now ehen we know each other, we don’t have enough time to be together. Miss all those days. -Kartik Isse pehle ki 1 August ki sham ho jaye, badhai ka silsila aam ho jaye, mobile ka junction jam ho jaye, kyun na friendship ka abhi se salaam ho jaye, HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. -Abhishek 1day Monday went 2 Tuesday 2 see Wednesday & asked Thursday whether Friday has told Saturday that Sunday is HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. -Priyanka Friendship doesn’t occur with special people, but people become special after being friends.I don’t know what I am to you, but u r always special to me. HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. -Sushmit We met it was luck! We talked it was chance! We became friends it was destiny! We are still friends it is faith! We will always be friends it is a promise! HAPPY FRIENDS HIP DAY. -Maitrayee A friend scolds like a dad, cares like a mom, teases like a sister, irritates like a brother. Friendship is a blend of all the relations, preserve it! HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. -Sushmit Hey! Today I would like to thank you for being my friend till date, & hope you to be there till my life ends. I love you my friend. HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY. -JyotiLife is a blank page. Each friend holds a pen & writes own story in everyone’s life. Thanks for covering some dreadful pages of my life. -Sushmit You can win life by all means if you simply avoid two things – â€Å"COMPARING† & â€Å"EXPECTATION† -Sushmit God ne pucha – Kidhar jaane ka mangta ? Swarg ya narak? Apun bola NARAK! Apun ko malum that um sala punter dost log udharich milega, bole toh jidhar tum wahich apna swarg. -Yash S. Friendship is a lifelong commitment spoken by the heart, n u have to accept it kyun ki – â€Å"ek baar jo maine commitment kar diya to phir mai n apne aap ki bhi nahi sunta† -Deepika Thought for the day – I will always choose a lazy person to do a difficult job- because definitely he will find an easy way to do it † aisa Bill gates bola . So be PROUD to be LAZY. -Shilpa Vahini This cat is cat good cat way cat to cat keep cat an cat idiot cat busy cat for cat 20 cat seconds cat. Now read this without cat . -Yash S. Two best secrets to keep relationships strong – 1. Whenever you are wrong always admit it. 2. Whenever you are right just keep quite. -Deepika Always ask God to give you what you deserve & not what you desire, it is because your desires may be a few but you deserve a lot more! -Deepika Sometimes something happens to us :We know that they are fine but we call and ask â€Å"abe kaisa hain ? † We know that we cant be forgotten but we still say â€Å"bhul gaya na mujko ? † We know that they cant go without us but we still say â€Å"Mere liye rukna. † We know that they cant finish all the stuff without us ,†Mere liye bhi bachana. † We know its impossible to survive without them but we still say â€Å"kabhi baat mat karna mujhse† Thanks for being my friend for so long. -Deepika Friends are amazing when they are new. They are wonderful when they are true. But, They are a blessing when they are like u! -Shilpa Vahini Friendship is a gift that is fair in all things.It roots from one’s heart and involves memories that stay not for a while but for a lifetime. -Shilpa Vahini Hello! Good (whatever the time! ) H – How are you? E – Everything fine? L – Like to see you! L – Love to hear about you! O – Obviously, miss u! -Deepika English mom – Gud night, son. Hindu mom – Shubh ratri beta. Muslim mom – Shaba khair. Aani apli aai – Are aag lav tya mobile la ani zop ata! Apli aai rocks! -Aniket New additions to Newton’s laws of motion : Loose motion can never ever be done in slow motion! -Aniket A Marathi student in a village was asked to read the following English numbers : 70,280,82,89,99 He read -Shewanti tu yeti ? yeti tu ? yeti nai ? nai tar nai! -Maitrayee â€Å"Smile increases value of face. † â€Å"Anger spoils beauty of soul. † â€Å"A faith is force of life† â€Å"Confidence is companion of success. † KEEP SMILING! -Shilpa Vahini Nothing is old, nothing is new, Its just a matter of point of view, Enjoy life as happy days are few, Because if life is an ocean then happy moments are few! -Shilpa Vahini Innocence with Attitude – I may not always love the guys who love me, sorry, but I surely do respect their choice. -Sushmit Apne dosti ka wo dag , jisse hum TIDE se nahi sho nahi sakte, RIN se saf nahi kar sakte, SURF se mita nahi sakte, yunki , kuch DAG ACCHE HOTE HAIN. -Abhishek Murga – I love u Murgi – hahah Murga – Main ter liye kuch bhi kar sakta huin Murgi – really ? Murg a – yes, sachchi. Murgi – chal anda deke dikha! -Abhishek Makaan malik – 500 rupees kiraya hoga. Kiraydar – thik hain, par apke makaan main chuhe nack rahe hain. Makaan malik – to kya 500 rupay main yaha shakira nachegi. -Abhishek G o o o o o o o o o o o o o Ol Gappe kitne tasty hote hain na! Apko kya laga gud night! -Abhishek Ye dosti chiraag hain isse jalay rakhna, ye dosti gul hain ise khilai rakhna, hum rahe na rahe is jahaan main bas hamari yaad dil main badaay rakhna. -AbhishekAnyday if u r depressed confused or hurt, don’t worry. Go in front of the mirror & u will find the best person who will solve your problem. Trust yourself. -Sushmit Chuhe ko billi lagi gori, done milne lage chori chori chuha bola – o gori a khele aak mincholy . . . . Billi chuhe ko maar ke khayi aur boli, I HATE LUV STORYS. -Shilpa Vahini Best words â€Å"Always have a compromising nature in your life because as world is round everything that u will l et go will definitely come back to you again † -Sushmit Class VI boy proposed to class X girl . Boy – I luv u . Girl – Stupid, I m older than u.? Boy – I m madly in love with you Girl – Get lost! . . . Boy – Didi plzzzz!!!! -Sushmit Ek number man me socho usme 3 jodo ab use 2 so guna karo usmese 7 ghatao bachi huin sankhya ko kagaz par likho . . ab uska . hawaiii jahaj banake udao. Furrr†¦.. -Sushmit Santa – tu bata ki meri tokri main kya hain toh sab ande tere aur ye bata ki kitne hain toh 8 ke 8 tere aur agar ye bata de ki kiske hain toh murgi bhi teri. Banta – kuch hint to de. -Sushmit Itna busy bhi na raha karo Kabhi kabhi yaad bhi kar liya karo Shero shayri na ati ho na sahi aye hue sms hi forward kiya karo. -Sushmit A true example of confidence : Place Eden Garden India vs Australia Brad Hogg took Sachin’s wicket . At the end of match hahaha†¦.. -Sushmit Sweet is u r nature, Dear is u r name, U will always remain as earth wants water, Flower want dewI want nothing but happiness for U†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦!! -Sushmit Sabse pyare aap ho , Sabse smart ho, Sabse sweet ap ho, Sabse mast aap ho, . . . . zyada uchlo mujhe aya tha apko â€Å"sirf dikhana tha† -Abhishek Hum wo roshni hain jo apke roshan kar jayenge, dosti ki chingari se bhi jal jayenge, ek baar pyaar se sms toh kijiye, Ghar ake sms ke paise de jayenge!!! -Sushmit In the company of wind dust achieves gr8 height but when mixed with water , it becomes mud So always choose the right company. Gud day. Sushmit Khud ko kar buland itna ki khud Himalaya ki choti par ja pahuche, phir khuda tumse puche â€Å"abe sale gadhe , ab utrega kaise † -Sushmit Believe it or not, but its true. Gandhiji went to Jim at the age of 24 . 1 of his friend said,†WOW , Mohan kya BODY hain†. Tab se bapu ne shirt pehenna hi chod diya!!!!! -Sushmit I may not always stay in touch, Bt I care for u very much. I may not prove to be the perfect friend But I hope the relationship we share never ends†¦. -Sushmit *Beautiful $un* *Fre$h @ir* *$weet Bird$* *Bloom Flower$* *Knock u r door* /,†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬  |[]____| *Just to $ay u * GOOD MORNING DEAR†¦.. -Shilpa Vahini