Bound By Honor :: essays research papers

â€Å"Blood In†¦Blood Out† Bound By Honor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the movie â€Å"Blood In†¦Blood Out,† there are three young Chicano teens just trying to survive in a white man’s world. First, you have Paco, a rebellious teen that loves a fight, and is in a small East Los Angeles street gang called â€Å"Vatos Locos.† Then, there is his half brother Cruz, he is trying to stray away from the gang life by painting, however, he still is and hangs with the Vatos Locos. Lastly, with blonde hair, blue eyes, and white skin, there is Miklo the cousin of Cruz and Paco, who ran away from his white father to reconect with his Mexican roots. The only problem is Miklo does not look Chicano, and the Mexican community, including Paco, have a hard time accepting him into the world he so much wants to be a part of. His friends call him names like â€Å"white boy† or â€Å"guero† to make fun of his skin. Miklo though, is determined to gain the respect of his peers, he decides that he too wants to be a â€Å"Vato Loco,â₠¬  which doesn’t sit very well with Paco. He tells Miklo, â€Å"Do white boys get VL placas (tattoos)? No, it doesn’t happen. Unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that’s where it all starts. Paco decides that his cousin can be part of the Vatos Locos, but since he is half white, he will have to prove himself to the group, by doing something big for them. Miklo quickly obliges, and bashes out the window of a rival gang called â€Å"Tres Puntos.† With that Miklo gets to be in the â€Å"in crowd† as he always wanted to be. Tres Puntos not agreeing with this, takes it out on Cruz, and thus starts a gang war. Things become even worse when at a war between the two gangs, Miklo shoots and kills the head member Spider. This brings on even bigger problems then Miklo can imagine: San Quentin Prison. Suddenly, everything Miklo learned in the street gang becomes obsolete, and he is back to being an outsider with no one to turn to. The AV’ers, a clique of white males in prison, want Miklo to side with them, but Miklo does not want any part of them. Instead, he wants to hang with the Mexican clique, La Onda, which do not want anything to do with this â€Å"guero† (white boy in Spanish). They pick on him, call him names, and do not want him within their sight.

Sitting System For People Health And Social Care Essay

Appropriate posing positions are varied, it depends on activity taken ; working at a desk, computing machine, driving or eating. However, these actions have a same rule to concern: stable and comfy. Human sitting is asymmetrical and dynamic, when Sitters feel non comfy with their seats they will brace themselves. And ever has changeless motion at least every 5-10 proceedingss to diminish the force per unit area on the contact points, avoid terrible pressing on any portion of the organic structure until cause hurt.1.3.1 Biomechanics of sitingBiomechanics utilises the Torahs of Physicss and the constructs of Engineering to depict the gesture formulated by assorted organic structure sections and the forces moving on these them ( Chaffin and Andresson, 1984 ) . Appropriate posing positions are varied, it depends on activity which taken ; working at a desk, computing machine, driving or eating. However, suited sitting place in biomechanics is the balance of forces and minutes. balance plane1.bmp F = Force M = Moment Balance of forces and minutes in all planes Biomechanics has emphasised the relation between the organic structure ‘s Centre of force per unit area ( COP ) and its Centre of mass ( COM ) . The COM is a point equivalent of the entire organic structure mass and is the leaden norm of the COM of each organic structure section in all planes while the COP corresponds to the point of application of the force under the country of contact with the place surface ( Lacoste et al. , 2006 ) . In order to equilibrate the organic structure over a stable sitting base, the COM is straight over the sitting base. Stability of sitting position is able to better when the country of contact between the organic structure and the support surface are increased. The relationship of the stableness with country of contact and forces is following: Stability Therefore increasing the size of the base of support will increase the stableness ( Ham et al. , 1998 ) . For some postural malformations, the country of the support base is reduced therefore the stableness is improved by addition the support country such as supplying the chest support bole support or buffering on the seating. The balance of sitting encourages the right form or position of spinal. In sidelong position, alliance of spinal is looked somewhat S- form. The key of stable base is the pelvic girdle. In the basic of normal posing, the pelvic girdle is centred and rotates rearward as a consequence of the tenseness in hamstrings ( posterior thigh musculuss ) . For maximal stableness and minimal musculus attempt when keeping an unsloped position ( every bit same as in the erect standing place ) , the Centre of mass of the upper organic structure should be maintained over the ischeal tubercles ( Zacharkow, 1984 ) balance plane2.bmp The contact points of the seated position are ischial tubercles, thighs and pess. By supplying support through the thighs, legs and pess, force per unit area is reduced over the ischial tubercles. The thighs are parallel to each other and in the natural place. For the ground that thigh musculuss span the hip and articulatio genus, the grade of hip flexure and knee extension on the seating should be avoided to pull of hamstrings. A upper limit of 100 grades of hip flexure and 105 grades of articulatio genus extension is advised ( Mayall and Desharnais, 1995 ) . The pelvic girdle rotates somewhat forward promotes flexure of the lower dorsum or lumbar hollow-back. It will be curved concave to the forepart to back up the weight of the upper portion: bole, weaponries and caput. However, for the people with physical disablements who are lacking in postural ability and postural dissymmetries can besides take to orthopaedic malformations, uncomfortableness, decreased physiologic maps, self-image, and quality of life ( Trefler et al. , 1993 ) . Consequently, users with a motor disability need a seating which can counterbalance for the stableness and besides back up the functional and postural ability that each person has. There are many ways to depict the assortment of siting systems for people with physical disablements. However, in this survey, the seating system will be categorised by 3 characteristics of the chair as shown in table Twenty.Siting system for people with physical disablementsFeatureCategorizationFunctional of utilizing Wheelchair Particular seating Beginning of energy Manual Power Feature of traveling Rigid Dynamic1.3.2 Wheelchair populationA wheelchair is one of the most common devices used to help users who have limited abilities to walk or travel. The wheelchair user population includes kids, grownups, and aged individuals. There are many grounds for their disablements: birth defects ( kids who have motion upsets ) , accidents ( an hurt to legs or the spinal column, which controls leg motion ) , infirmity diseases and old age. Harmonizing to Wheelchair foundation, â€Å" over 100 million people with physical disablements worldwide need wheelchairs. It is estimated that the figure of people who need wheelchairs will increase by 22 per centum over the following 10 old ages, with the greatest demand bing in developing states † ( Behring. , 2009 ) . In UK, there are an estimated 10 million handicapped people, about 20 % of population ( Office for National Statistics, 2010 ; Statisticss, 2008 ) and 5 % of people with disablement are a motor damage ( NHS, 2004 ; Wray, 2005 ) . The proportion of wheelchair population additions with age. Separate into three age groups: kids under 18 old ages of age, grownup 18-64 twelvemonth and aged 65 and older, the highest rates are found among the aged population so working age and non many in kids. There are assorted wellness conditions and damages doing a individual demand to utilize wheelchair and these grounds are diverse in different age group of users. In table Twenty shows the wellness conditions and damages reported as the chief cause of functional or activity restriction. Stroke 11.1 % Arthritis 10.4 % Multiple induration 5.0 % Absence lower appendage 3.7 % Paraplegia 3.6 % Orthopaedic lower appendage 3.6 % Heart disease 3.3 % Cerebral paralysis 3.1 % Rheumatoid arthritis 3.0 % Diabetess 2.4 % ( LaPlante et al. , 2009 ) Manual seating system is the chair that needs self impeling by users or health professionals. The users of manual wheelchairs by and large have lower appendage failing, palsy, or amputation doing walking insecure or hard at best. They may include persons with spinal cord hurts, unilateral paralysis and other types of palsy, multiple induration, intellectual paralysis, spina bifida, arthritis, and lower limb amputations. Typically, the user is a paraplegic or quadriparetic individual who desires to manually impel himself every bit much as possible for the exercising and ensuing wellness benefits. For the wheelchair dependent individual who has to impel by his or her ain, the most common country of musculoskeletal is the shoulder. This is because users normally have overload on their upper organic structures to turn the wheels of the wheelchairs. In 2008, Desroches et Al. published a paper in which they studied the relationship between the effectivity of the attendant force at the handrims and the mechanical burden by the net shoulder minutes. They found that more force demands are more at hazard of shoulder hurts on the land that overexploitation. Furthermore, elbows, carpuss and custodies are besides injured because they are non designed to get by with the insistent contact with the wheelchair pushrims. This frequent insistent burden may be one of the possible causes of the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. Powered wheelchair theoretical accounts are controlled by the user ‘s manus with a little control stick. Users who unable to utilize a manus for maneuvering and control may be capable of a oral cavity control or breath control device. These power wheelchairs are much safer to run with a computing machine inadvertence. However, serious accidents sometimes result from feeling or computing machine system failures. ( N.I.R.E. , 2004 ) . The failures may be elusive 1s non recognised by users. Otherwise, they can be in the signifier of a sudden, unexpected entire failure of the wheelchair computing machine system, which may ensue in an accident when happening at a critical clip.1.3.3 Particular SeatingParticular seating designed for people with physical disablements considers demands like phase of development, disablements and other upsets. At the same clip, ought to see as position, force per unit area and comfort. The mobility and position jobs that motor impairment people face may be due to muscle failings, musculus instabilities and cramp or hapless esthesis. There are many grounds for their disablements like birth defects ( kids who have motion upsets ) , accidents ( an hurt to legs or the spinal column, which controls leg motion ) , infirmity diseases and old age. Siting is a work of complex coordinating of human constructions. The form of the pelvic girdle is unstable by nature in sitting place. It can non be kept stable without the cooperation of organic structure musculus and limbs. In add-on, a proper design of constituents such as place backrest, armrest, footrest, etc. , is encourage stableness in the sitting place and the comfort of the place. First and the foremost for handicapped posing is the importance of stable posing, it is achieved if there is a balance of forces and minutes in all planes ( Letts, 1991 ) . An unstable sitting non merely makes upper organic structure hard to command balance but besides non keep the good place of physiology. A particular place base with a back support can be used which would assists the patient who is being positioned for physical therapy. The supports are made from stuffs such as plyboard, froth and polymer. These stuffs provide postural support and alleviate the force per unit area for patients who have unbalanced organic structures. Nevertheless for kids who have the spasticity CP, they will do their organic structure imbalanced and unstable when have extensor cramp. This in bend makes the patient uncomfortable and impairs their functional ability. Furthermore, CP kids need more seating demands than a broad assortment of people with disablements because of their overactive stretch physiological reactions and irregular stableness. The force per unit area sores are besides considered because this frequently occurs when sitting for a long clip without traveling. A considerable sum of literature has been published on biomechanics of siting system with spastic CP patients, they have investigated the force per unit area forces in sitting place and strong forces of extensor push in patients which impart onto their wheelchairs and they found that high forces can besides do hurts for the kid ( Dawley and Julian, 2003 ; Hahn et al. , 2009 ) . The force per unit area ulcers that suffer from force per unit area force in sitting have been concerned for many decennaries. Harrison et Al. published a paper in which they reviewed the literature of sitting biomechanics in normal organic structures. The thought of dynamic seating has been designed in Germany since 1884 for mills that had adjustable backrests and place undersides with rounded forepart borders to cut down force per unit area on the under-thigh part ( Harrison et al. , 1999 ) . The chief aim of presenting the dynamic seating to the design of the chair is to avoid the force per unit area ulcer. Dynamic siting systems have been available on the market since 1989 ( Hahn et al. , 2009 ) by including spring loaded, elastic constituents or powered devices, in the outlook that it will react suitably to the users with strong musculus cramp, cut down the hurting and cut down force per unit area from restricted position. For people with physical disablements particularly patients who have strong extensor spasticity the dynamic design ease them non merely to forestall the force per unit area ulcer and hurt to the user but besides prevent breakage of the chair. Dynamic seating constituents are designed to travel as a consequence of forceful motions exerted by a client ( Magnuson and Dilabio, 2003 ) . The dispute of the effectivity and impact of the surrogate design has been discussed. Several surveies have attempted to explicate that to repair a place would be more goo d for patients ‘ physical therapy than to change the sitting position every clip of extensor cramp ( Barnes, 1998 ; Herman and Lange, 1999 ) . However, the surrogate design is presumed that when musculuss stretch, the forces produced between place ‘s parts and their organic structures would diminish with usage of the dynamic constituents. Furthermore, this system can be approved and it does non hold any negative consequence for the long term use. The basic apprehension of physical features of the user is indispensable for the design and consideration of postural support. Furthermore, it is really indispensable to understand the scope of the forces that are being applied to the user ‘s organic structure when using postural support within a seating system. Barnes M.R. ( 1998 ) Reappraisal: Management of spasticity. Age and Ageing 27:239-245. Behring. K. ( 2009 ) Wheelchair Distribution Project: Serving the World, Wheelchair foundation Wetherby, UK. Chaffin D.B. , Andresson G.B.J. ( 1984 ) Occupational Biomechanics John Wiley & A ; Sons, Inc, the United State of America. Dawley J. , Julian R. ( 2003 ) Purpose, Use And Fabrication Of A Custom Made Dynamic Backrest, 19th International Seating Symposium, Florida, USA. pp. 145-147. Hahn M.E. , Simkins S.L. , Gardner J.K. , Kaushik G. ( 2009 ) A Dynamic Seating System for Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 12:21-30. Ham R. , Aldersea P. , Porter D. ( 1998 ) Wheelchair users and postural siting a clinical attack Churchill Livingstone, New York, USA. Harrison D.D. , Harrison S.O. , Croft A.C. , Harrison D.E. , Troyanovich S.J. ( 1999 ) Siting biomechanics Part I: Reappraisal of the Literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 22:594-609. Herman J.H. , Lange M.L. ( 1999 ) Seating and positioning to pull off spasticity after encephalon hurt Journal NeuroRehabilitation 12:105-117. Lacoste M. , Therrien M. , Cote J.N. , Shrier I. , Labelle H. , Prince F. ( 2006 ) Appraisal of Seated Postural Control in Children: Comparison of a Force Platform Versus a Pressure Mapping System. Archivess of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87:1623-1629. LaPlante M. , Kaye S. , Kang T. ( 2009 ) Wheelchair Use in the United States, UCSF Disability Statistics Center Institute for Health & A ; Aging. Letts R. ( 1991 ) General rules of siting Boca Raton: CRC Press. Magnuson S. , Dilabio M. ( 2003 ) Dynamic Seating Components: The Best Evidence and Clinical Experience, 19th International Seating Symposium, Florida, USA. pp. 109-111. Mayall J.K. , Desharnais G. ( 1995 ) Positioning in a wheelchair: a usher for professional health professionals of the handicapped grownup 2nd erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. Thorofare, NJ N.I.R.E. ( 2004 ) Mobility Training for User and Public Safety, The National Institute for Rehabilitation Engineering. NHS. ( 2004 ) Bettering Servicess for Wheelchair Users and Carers: Good Practice Guide, Executive sum-up, NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency rehabilitation squad. Office for National Statistics G.R.O.f.S. , Northern Ireland Statistics & A ; Research Agency. ( 2010 ) , Office for National Statistics, General Register Office for Scotland, Northern Ireland Statistics & A ; Research Agency. Statisticss T.O.f.N. ( 2008 ) Registered Blind and Partially Sighted People England twelvemonth stoping 31 March 2008, Department of Health, The Office for National Statistics. Trefler E. , Hobson D.A. , Taylor S.J. , Monahan L.C. , Shaw C.G. , Zimbleman C. ( 1993 ) Seating AND MOBILITY: For Persons with Physical Disabilities San Antonio: Therapy Skill Builders. Wray M. ( 2005 ) Bing Inclusive in the Creative and Performing Arts, BICPA, the eight spouses of CADISE ( The Consortium of Humanistic disciplines and Design Institutions in Southern England ) Zacharkow D. ( 1984 ) wheelchair Posture and Pressure Sores Charles C Thomas Publisher, Illinois, USA.

Australia and the Vietnam War essays

Australia and the Vietnam War essays The reasons for the Australian involvement in the Vietnam conflict are not difficult to understand. Australia's foreign policy in the 1950s and 1960s responded to what appeared to be the downward push of aggressive communism in South-East Asia and the need to meet these threats away from Australia. It was clear also that because the United States was involved in this war, Australia would support its great ally and friend. As Australia had assisted the United States in the Korean War so, too, it was prepared to become involved in the Vietnam War. The Menzies government, fearful of communism in Asia, saw any communist victory in South Vietnam as a threat to Australia. Given Australia's military weakness and the potential danger from our nearest neighbor, the very unstable Indonesia, it was in Australia's interests to commit the United States to Asia and the fight against communism. As Britain withdrew from its world commitments, the Australian government saw the United States as the powerful Western nation to take its place. It was in Australia's best interest for this to happen, and Australia's role in Vietnam was motivated by this determination to keep the United States involved in Asia. Through diplomatic channels the Australian government encouraged the United States' involvement in Vietnam and showed its good faith by sending troops as well. Compared with the size of the US force, the size of the Australian force was never great, and its military significance was slight. At the height of Australia's involvement in Vietna m, its troop level numbered only 8300, while the US troop level reached 720 000. What was important was Australia's political support as an ally. It fitted in with the concept of forward defence, and once again Australia had the support of a great and powerful ally. This time, however, the great and powerful friend was not Australia's traditional ally Britain but a new ally, the United St ...

Free Essays on Design Robert Frost

Critical Response to Poem In Robert Frosts poem "Design" he uses examples of simile and imagery. He evokes many feelings about the apperence of the spider, flower and moth in the poem. As the poem unfolds all of these aspects come together so you can fully understand the theme of the poem. The poem begins with a description of a scene. The scene takes place at night (line 12) and involves three characters: A spider, a moth, and a flower. In line one, Frost describes the spider. The spider is like any other, â€Å"fat† and â€Å"dimpled† (line 1). However, unusually, the spider is white. Atypically, Frost has given a color associated with purity and innocence to the spider. In line two, Frost describes the flower. Like the spider, the flower, a heal all, is given the unfitting color, white. The spider is on the heal-all, holding up a moth, presumably one, which the spider killed. In line three, Frost elaborates on the moth. The moth, like the spider and heal-all, is white. Frost compares the appearance and texture of the moth to satin, a delicate material similar to silk. Satin, usually soft and supple, is described here as â€Å"rigid.† This description ties into the death of the moth and the texture of its wings. Given the first three lines, on the surface it seems as though one character is guilty of killing the moth: The spider. However, in line four, Frost refers to â€Å"assorted characters of death and blight.† He alludes to the responsibility of multiple characters for the moth’s death. Line five clarifies the time. Early in the morning, before the sun has risen, the spider, moth, and flower are ready to begin the day. In line six, frost compares the situation and its players to â€Å"a witches broth.† Each component contributes to the product. Frost points out the lack of innocence in the entire scene. Frost finishes his description by recounting the indivi... Free Essays on Design Robert Frost Free Essays on Design Robert Frost Critical Response to Poem In Robert Frosts poem "Design" he uses examples of simile and imagery. He evokes many feelings about the apperence of the spider, flower and moth in the poem. As the poem unfolds all of these aspects come together so you can fully understand the theme of the poem. The poem begins with a description of a scene. The scene takes place at night (line 12) and involves three characters: A spider, a moth, and a flower. In line one, Frost describes the spider. The spider is like any other, â€Å"fat† and â€Å"dimpled† (line 1). However, unusually, the spider is white. Atypically, Frost has given a color associated with purity and innocence to the spider. In line two, Frost describes the flower. Like the spider, the flower, a heal all, is given the unfitting color, white. The spider is on the heal-all, holding up a moth, presumably one, which the spider killed. In line three, Frost elaborates on the moth. The moth, like the spider and heal-all, is white. Frost compares the appearance and texture of the moth to satin, a delicate material similar to silk. Satin, usually soft and supple, is described here as â€Å"rigid.† This description ties into the death of the moth and the texture of its wings. Given the first three lines, on the surface it seems as though one character is guilty of killing the moth: The spider. However, in line four, Frost refers to â€Å"assorted characters of death and blight.† He alludes to the responsibility of multiple characters for the moth’s death. Line five clarifies the time. Early in the morning, before the sun has risen, the spider, moth, and flower are ready to begin the day. In line six, frost compares the situation and its players to â€Å"a witches broth.† Each component contributes to the product. Frost points out the lack of innocence in the entire scene. Frost finishes his description by recounting the indivi...

McCarthyism essays

McCarthyism essays McCarthyism gets its name from United States Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. He became front-page news in 1950, when he publicly charged that more than two hundred secret Communists had infiltrated the Department of State. While conducting a militant anti-Communist campaign, communist advances in Eastern Europe and China,Senator McCarthy pursued an investigation of communist subversion in all walks of life. His usually baseless accusations ruined the careers of many distinguished citizens. This is similar in comparison with the Salem witch trials that took place back in 1692. Witchcraft was a big deal to the people back then. If you were accused of it and did not confess, it was your own death bed. In 1954, he brought charges of subversion against the U.S. Army. When the Army responded by charging Senator McCarthy with improper conduct, his breath taking tactics were revealed on national television during a thirty-six day hearing. In the same year, with his influence lessening, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy's fellow senators censured him for behavior contrary to Senate traditions. "McCarthyism" now refers to any witch hunt, or to the persecution of people accused without proper cause, who are forced to conform in order to avoid public condemnation. Just like the Salem witch trials. People were accused for crimes they didn't commit just because they were around or near a strange event or they had a very thin red line with their neighbors. Some accused others for profits, others just to get rid of their "awful" neighbors. In 1950 the United States was concerned with the threat of communism. Hatred of communist influences within the country increased as FBI director J. Edgar Hoover announced that there were 55,000 party members and 500,000 sympathizers active within the U.S. the Senate appointed a special committee to investigate charges of communist activity in the Sta ...

The Banking Concept of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Banking Concept of Education - Essay Example This has not universally been the case, like everyone I have benefited from a wide array of extremely talented teaches who wanted to hear their students ideas, to include their students in discussions and to reinforce to their students that even if they might not have as much academic expertise as their professors, their lived experiences may provide them with valuable insights and render their contributions valuable to any class discussion. But the fact remains that most of my teachers used the banking style of education, and probably though that is the best kind of education. This has affects me in a lot of ways, such as making me not creative and making my critical thinking worse. But by far the most important influence this theory of education has had on me is the fact that it has begun make me oppressive to other people like my teachers were oppressive to me. As mentioned before, oppression makes oppression, and those who have been oppressed kind of naturally let the oppression they have had go through them unless they work very hard to not let that happen. This means that, though I understand when I think about it that the banking theory of education is inherently oppressive, and separates students from educators in a very bad way, there is probably still a large part of me that thinks education looks like the banking theory of education. This also probably means that whenever I get into an education place, I will have to work hard to stop this oppressive theory of education from coming through me, to make sure that whenever I am teaching someone whether as a peer, an educator or just in the world, I recognize the banking theory of education and try to stop it.... This essay approves that the educator does, in this concept, work as a â€Å"depositer† whose role is to deposit information, narratives, and a lot of other things into the students, who function as â€Å"banks† for the depositing. Whichever student â€Å"banks† the best, by memorizing the material given to him or her by the teacher, by being able to â€Å"return† the information to the depositer closest to the way it was inputed, wins, is the best bank and is rewarded. There are obviously lots and lots of problems with this system, and many of them are really bad (such as the objectification of students, the saying the students experiences aren’t valuable, and treating them as having no knowledge in and of themselves and not having anything of value to give to the depositer that they were themselves not first given. Any educator who has studied in the past ten year must inherently understand the problems with this system, and yet people fall back i nto it perpetually. This report makes a conclusion that the banking theory of education still used everywhere, and when most people think of a classroom setting they probably think of the banking theory of education taking place. What this means to people who have been affected by this theory of education is that they must recognize the oppression in it, and work hard to break apart this oppression whenever they enter an educational environment. Anything less will simply mean perpetuating this oppression.

Chronis disease management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chronis disease management - Research Paper Example In the paper by Miaskowski, et.al. (2004), the authors sought to test the effectiveness of the PRO-SELF Pain Control Program when compared with standard care in reducing pain intensity scores, increasing appropriate analgesic prescriptions, and increasing analgesic intake in cancer outpatients with pain from bone metastasis. This study covered seven outpatient settings in Northern California, including a university-based cancer center, two community-based oncology practices, one health maintenance organization, one outpatient radiation therapy center, one veteran’s affairs facility, and one military hospital. In this study, the patients were assigned randomly in either the PRO-SELF intervention or standard care intervention. Those under standard care were visited by a research nurse three times, and then called three times by phone between home visits. Those under the PRO-SELF setting patients were visited by specially trained intervention nurses and then received a psychoeduc ational intervention. They were instructed on how to use a pillbox, and were given instructions on how to communicate with their doctor about pain symptoms and changes needed in analgesic prescriptions. Patients were also instructed during follow-up home visits and three phone calls on how to improve cancer pain management. To ensure the ethical treatment of this study, the authors gained the respondent’s written consent, after explaining to them the purpose of the research and the fact that their identity would remain confidential throughout the research. The ethical committee was consulted first and their review and consent secured before the rest of the research process was carried out. A sample of atleast 150 patients was needed in order to complete this study. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were established for the patients’ demographic and disease-related qualities. Independent student’s t-tests and x2 analysis were carried out to deter mine differences in demographics, disease, and pain qualities between patients in the two treatment groups. Analyses of variance were carried out to establish if there were changes in pain intensity scores over time. The McNemar test was then used to establish differences over time based on kinds of analgesic prescriptions. The P-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. This study revealed that pain intensity scores were reduced significantly from baseline figures in the PRO-SELF group, as compared to the standard treatment group. The percentage of patients in the PRO-SELF group with the most appropriate kind of analgesia increased significantly from 28.3% to 37.0% as compared to the standard group which changed from 29.6% to 32.5%. The study therefore established that using a psychoeducational intervention, which includes nurse coaching within the standard of self-care, can improve pain management for cancer patients. Critical Analysis The authors are credib le authors for this research. They possess the